Table 4 Bi-variable and multivariable Gompertz gamma shared frailty analysis of predictors of infant mortality in East African countries

Residence

 Urban

28829

1279

1

1

 Rural

104107

4588

1.08 (1.01, 1.15)

0.93 (0.88, 1.03)

Country

 Rwanda

7754

249

1

1

 Burundi

13010

601

1.16 (1.16, 1.57)

1.34 (1.15, 1.56)*

 Ethiopia

10528

495

1.55 (1.33, 1.80)

1.15 (0.98, 1.36)

 Kenya

18842

721

1.13 (0.98, 1.31)

0.89 (0.76, 1.04)

 Comoros

3119

116

1.11 (0.89, 1.39)

0.85 (0.68, 1.08)

 Madagascar

12,112

574

1.48 (1.27, 1.72)

1.20 (1.03, 1.41)*

 Malawi

16,704

691

1.28 (1.11, 1,48)

1.29 (1.11, 1.50)*

 Mozambique

11,013

691

1.92 (1.66, 2.22)

1.68 (1.44, 1.96)*

 Tanzania

9641

411

1.31 (1.12, 1.53)

1.23 (1.04, 1.44)*

 Uganda

14648

622

1.34 (1.16, 1.55)

1.18 (1.01, 1.37)*

 Zambia

9442

398

1.31 (1.12, 1.54)

1.29 (1.09, 1.52)*

 Zimbabwe

6121

297

1.41 (1.19, 1.68)

1.45 (1.21, 1.74)*

Maternal age (in years)

 15–24

39739

1943

1

1

 25–34

63530

2540

0.80 (0.75, 0.84)

0.89 (0.83, 0.96)*

 ≥ 35

29667

1383

0.94 (0.88, 1.01)

1.05 (0.95, 1.16)

Maternal education status

 No

31972

1476

1.24 (1.14, 1.34)

1.23 (1.13, 1.33)*

 Primary

70614

3197

1.22 (1.14, 1.31)

1.10 (0.99, 1.22)

 Secondary and above

30350

1194

1

1

Husband education status

 No

21694

961

1.09 (1.01, 1.17)

0.95 (0.87, 1.04)

Primary

54853

2499

1.06 (0.99, 1.12)

1.01 (0.95, 1.08)

Secondary and above

56389

2408

1

1

Wealth status

 Poorest

31763

1465

1.20 (1.11, 1.31)

1.08 (0.96, 1.20)

 Poorer

28584

1282

1.15 (1.06, 1.26)

1.09 (0.97, 1.21)

 Middle

25712

1108

1.09 (0.99, 1.19)

1.04 (0.94, 1.16)

 Richer

24473

1118

1.12 (1.02, 1.22)

1.09 (0.98, 1.20)

 Richest

22403

894

1

1

Wanted pregnancy

 No

78794

3897

1

1

 Yes

54141

1970

0.73 (0.69, 0.78)

0.68 (0.64, 0.72)**

Distance to a health facility

 Not a big problem

81481

3489

1

1

 A big problem

51455

2378

1.10 (1.05, 1.17)

1.02 (0.96, 1.08)

Women’s health care decision making autonomy

 Respondent alone

24711

1037

1

1

 Jointly with their husband/parent

53323

2330

1.06 (0.98, 1.14)

1.04 (0.96, 1.12)

 Husband/parent alone

54901

2501

1.11 (1.03, 1.20)

1.12 (1.04, 1.21)*

Sex of child

 Male

66882

3324

1.29 (1.22, 1.36)

1.33 (1.27, 1.43)*

 Female

66053

2543

1

1

Place of delivery

 Home

36337

1668

1

1

 Health facility

96599

4199

0.92 (0.87, 0.97)

0.90 (0.84, 0.97)**

Number of ANC visit

 No

5788

339

1

1

 1–3

38644

1146

0.51 (0.45, 0.58)

0.59 (0.51, 0.67)*

 ≥ 4

88503

4382

0.85 (0.76, 0.95)

0.92 (0.81, 1.03)

Mode of delivery

 Vaginal

125078

5439

1

1

 Cesarean delivery

7857

428

1.22 (1.10, 1.35)

1.13 (1.01, 1.25)*

Twin birth

 No

129265

5123

1

1

 Yes

3671

744

4.62 (4.27, 5.01)

4.18 (3.84, 4.55)**

Birth order

 1

31065

1588

1

1

 2–4

64408

2475

0.74 (0.69, 0.79)

0.61 (0.55, 0.67)*

 ≥ 5

37462

1804

0.94 (0.88, 1.06)

0.71 (0.63, 0.80)*

Birth size

 Average

39261

1551

1

1

 Small

62038

2277

1.81 (1.70, 1.92)

1.87 (1.75, 1.99)**

 Large

31636

2039

1.08 (1.01, 1.15)

1.08 (1.01, 1.15)**

Preceding birth interval (in months)

 < 24

17776

1187

1

1

 24 – 48

56550

2041

0.54 (0.50, 0.58)

0.51 (0.47, 0.55)**

 ≥ 49

58609

2640

0.67 (0.62, 0.72)

0.45, 0.54)*