Table 3 Maternal health insurance and healthcare service utilisation factors, as well as covariates associated with U-5 M, NDHS 2018
| Â | Alive | Dead | Total | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | N = 109,325 | N = 18,220 | N = 127,545 |  |
Variable | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 |
Maternal health insurance coverage | Â | Â | Â | 34.0*** |
 No | 106,693(85.6) | 17,909(14.4) | 124,602(97.7) |  |
 Yes | 2632(89.4) | 311(10.6) | 2943(2.3) |  |
Healthcare service utilization | Â | Â | Â | 313.4*** |
 Inadequate | 12,896(87.3) | 1871(12.7) | 14,767(43.5) |  |
 Adequate | 17,817(93.0) | 1340(7.0) | 19,157(56.5) |  |
Maternal age (years) | Â | Â | Â | 294.4*** |
 15–24 | 8865(88.6) | 1139(11.4) | 10,004(7.8) |  |
 25–34 | 37,286(87.5) | 5339(12.5) | 42,625(33.4) |  |
 35–49 | 63,174(84.3) | 11,742(15.7) | 74,916(58.7) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 52.0*** |
 Never in union | 1440(91.1) | 141(8.9) | 1581(1.2) |  |
 Married/living with partner | 100,216(85.6) | 16,934(14.4) | 117,150(91.9) |  |
 Widowed/divorced/separated | 7669(87.0) | 1145(13.0) | 8814(6.9) |  |
Mother’s educational attainment |  |  | 200.2*** | |
 No education | 51,893(81.5) | 11,806(18.5) | 63,699(50.0) |  |
 Primary | 21,993(86.9) | 3318(13.1) | 25,311(19.8) |  |
 Secondary or higher | 35,439(92.0) | 3096(8.0) | 38.535(30.2) |  |
Mother’s employment status |  |  |  | 135.5*** |
 Not working | 27.693(83.8) | 5359(29.4) | 33,052(25.9) |  |
 Currently working | 81,632(86.4) | 12,861(13.6) | 94,493(74.1) |  |
Wealth quintile | Â | Â | Â | 213.3*** |
 Poor | 49,318(81.4) | 11,278(18.6) | 60,596(47.5) |  |
 Middle | 23,575(86.9) | 3545(13.1) | 27,120(21.3) |  |
 Rich | 36,432(91.5) | 3397(8.5) | 39,829(31.2) |  |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | 814.4*** |
 Urban | 39,506(89.6) | 4605(10.4) | 44,111(34.6) |  |
 Rural | 69,819(83.7) | 13,615(16.3) | 83,434(65.4) |  |
Region | Â | Â | Â | 303.2*** |
 North-central | 19,243(88.9) | 2413(11.1) | 21,656(17.0) |  |
 North-east | 22,179(84.4) | 4114(15.7) | 26,293(20.6) |  |
 North-west | 31,418(78.7) | 8510(21.3) | 39,928(31.3) |  |
 South-east | 12,906(91.7) | 1166(8.3) | 14,072(11.0) |  |
 South-south | 11,425(91.9) | 1011(8.1) | 12,436(9.8) |  |
 South-west | 12,154(92.4) | 1006(7.6) | 13,160(10.3) |  |
Distance to the health facility | Â | Â | Â | 40.4*** |
 Big problem | 32,423(84.8) | 5828(15.2) | 38,251(30.0) |  |
 Not a problem | 76,902(86.1) | 12,392(13.9) | 89,294(70.0) |  |
Decision on respondent’s healthcare |  |  | 642.5*** | |
 Husband/partner and other | 56,889(83.4) | 11,361(16.7) | 68,250(16.7) |  |
 Jointly | 33,135(88.9) | 4159(11.2) | 37,294(31.8) |  |
 Alone | 10,192(87.8) | 1414(12.2) | 11,606(9.9) |  |
Decision on how to spend respondent’s Earnings |  | 320.5*** | ||
 Husband/partner and other | 5996(85.2) | 1045(14.8) | 7041(9.3) |  |
 Jointly | 12,636(90.6) | 1307(9.4) | 13,943(18.5) |  |
 Alone | 46,102(84.7) | 8305(15.3) | 54,407(72.2) |  |