Table 2 Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression analysis on determinants of anemia among women in Mali
Variables | Model O | Model I aOR (95% CI) | Model II aOR (95% CI) | Model III aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effect | ||||
Education | ||||
 No education |  | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Primary |  | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.89 (0.73–1.07) | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) |
 Secondary +  |  | 0.61*** (0.51–0.73) | 0.72*** (0.60–0.87) | 0.70*** (0.58–0.84) |
BMI | ||||
 Underweight |  | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Normal |  | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) |
 Overweight |  | 0.52*** (0.41–0.66) | 0.57*** (0.45–0.72) | 0.63*** (0.50–0.81) |
Parity | ||||
 Zero birth |  | 1.05 (0.87–1.25) | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) |
 One birth |  | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) |
 Two births |  | 0.81* (0.67–0.99) | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) |
 Three births |  | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 0.98 (0.80–1.19) |
 Four or more births |  | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Covered by Health insurance | ||||
 No |  | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes |  | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 1.12 (0.84–1.51) | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) |
Mass media exposure | ||||
 No |  | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes |  | 0.82* (0.70–0.96) | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) |
Pregnancy status | ||||
 Not pregnant |  | 0.74** (0.70–0.96) | 0.74** (0.60–0.90) | 0.75** (0.62–0.92) |
 Pregnant |  | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Wealth | ||||
 Poorest |  |  | Ref | Ref |
 Poorer |  |  | 1.18 (0.95–1.47) | 1.10 (0.88–1.37) |
 Middle |  |  | 1.13 (0.90–1.43) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) |
 Richer |  |  | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) |
 Richest |  |  | 0.64*** (0.49–0.83) | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) |
Source of drinking water | ||||
 Unimproved |  |  | Ref | Ref |
 Improved |  |  | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) |
Region | ||||
 Kayes |  |  |  | Ref |
 Koulikoro |  |  |  | 0.77 (0.57–1.03) |
 Sikasso |  |  |  | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) |
 Segou |  |  |  | 0.55*** (0.41–0.74) |
 Mopti |  |  |  | 0.59** (0.42–0.82) |
 Toumbouctou |  |  |  | 0.69* (0.50–0.96) |
 Gao |  |  |  | 0.75 (0.53–1.07) |
 Kidal |  |  |  | 0.42*** (0.27–0.65) |
 Bamako |  |  |  | 0.53*** (0.37–0.76) |
Place of residence | ||||
 Rural |  |  |  | Ref |
 Urban |  |  |  | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) |
Community literacy level | ||||
 Low |  |  |  | Ref |
 Medium |  |  |  | 0.84 (0.69–1.01) |
 High |  |  |  | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) |
Community socioeconomic status | ||||
 Low |  |  |  | Ref |
 Moderate |  |  |  | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) |
 High |  |  |  | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) |
 N | 5048 | 5048 | 5048 | 5048 |
Random effect results | ||||
 PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.58 (0.49–0.67) | 0.20 (0.13–0.30) | 0.15 (0.09–0.25) | 0.11 (0.61–0.21) |
 ICC | 0.093 | 0.057 | 0.046 | 0.033 |
 LR test | X2 = 108.33, p < 0.001 | X2 = 42.73, p < 0.001 | X2 = 29.39, p < 0.001 | X2 = 16.24, p < 0.001 |
 Wald Chi-square | Ref | 217.42 | 177.27 | 224.96 |
Model fitness | ||||
 Log-likelihood | -3275.02 | -3210.77 | -3191.88 | -3172.14 |
 AIC | 6554.04 | 6447.54 | 6419.76 | 6406.28 |
 BIC | 6567.09 | 6532.38 | 6537.24 | 6608.60 |