The relationship between hospital ownership, in-hospital mortality, and medical expenses: an analysis of three common conditions in China

Xue, Qingping; Xu, Dong Roman; Cheng, Terence C.; Pan, Jay; Yip, Winnie

doi:10.1186/s13690-023-01029-y

Archives of Public Health

Table 4 Associations between hospital ownership types and medical expenses in Sichuan province of China during the fourth quarters of 2016–2018

From: The relationship between hospital ownership, in-hospital mortality, and medical expenses: an analysis of three common conditions in China

Diseases	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Diseases	coef (95% CI)	coef (95% CI)	coef (95% CI)
PNA
Ownership
Public	Ref	Ref	Ref
Private not-for-profit	0.09 (0.02, 0.15)**	0.16 (0.09, 0.23)***	0.10 (0.06, 0.15)***
Private for-profit	0.06 (0.00, 0.12)*	0.13 (0.07, 0.19)***	0.11 (0.07, 0.15)***
Year
2016	Ref	Ref	Ref
2017	-0.02 (-0.03, -0.01)**	-0.02 (-0.03, -0.01)**	-0.01 (-0.02, 0.01)
2018	0.08 (0.06, 0.09)***	0.07 (0.06, 0.08)***	0.04 (0.03, 0.05)***
Random parts
Between-state variance	0.13	0.10	0.05
Intra Class Correlation (ICC)	0.28	0.24	0.30
N_Hospitals	503	503	503
N_Individuals	51,933	51,933	51,933
HF
Ownership
Public	Ref	Ref	Ref
Private not-for-profit	0.11 (0.01, 0.22)*	0.24 (0.13, 0.36)***	0.09 (0.01, 0.17)*
Private for-profit	0.05 (-0.05, 0.14)	0.15 (0.05, 0.26)**	0.04 (-0.03, 0.11)
Year
2016	Ref	Ref	Ref
2017	0.00 (-0.03, 0.04)	0.00 (-0.03, 0.03)	0.01 (-0.02, 0.02)
2019	0.07 (0.03, 0.11)***	0.07 (0.03, 0.10)***	0.02 (-0.01, 0.05)
Random parts
Between-state variance	0.11	0.10	0.06
Intra Class Correlation (ICC)	0.23	0.21	0.30
N_Hospitals	419	419	419
N_Individuals	9,022	9,022	9,022
AMI
Ownership
Public	Ref	Ref	Ref
Private not-for-profit	-0.03 (-0.24, 0.18)	0.20 (-0.01, 0.42)	0.05 (-0.07, 0.18)
Private for-profit	0.01 (-0.19, 0.21)	0.19 (-0.23, 0.40)	0.01 (-0.11, 0.13)
Year
2016	Ref	Ref	Ref
2017	-0.01 (-0.09, 0.07)	-0.01 (-0.09, 0.07)	0.04 (-0.01, 0.08)
2018	0.07 (-0.02, 0.16)	0.09 (0.01, 0.18)*	0.06 (0.01, 0.11)*
Random parts
Between-state variance	0.22	0.17	0.06
Intra Class Correlation (ICC)	0.21	0.17	0.20
N_Hospitals	352	352	352
N_Individuals	3,216	3,216	3,216
Control variables
Hospital characteristics^a	No	Yes	Yes
Patient characteristics^b	No	No	Yes

Abbreviations: AMI Acute myocardial infarction, HF Heart failure, PNA Pneumonia, Coef Coefficient, CI Confidence interval, UEBMI Urban employee basic medical insurance, URBMI Urban resident basic medical insurance, NCMS New rural cooperative medical scheme, Ref Reference category
^aHospital characteristics included hospital type (general and non-general), hospital grade (grade A, grade B and non-graded), and volume (continuous, log-transform)
^bPatient characteristics included gender (male and female), age (continuous, time scale), insurance type (UEBMI, NCMS, URBMI, and others), occupation (civil servant, worker, farmer, freelances, unemployed, retirement, and others), Charlson score index (continuous), surgical condition (no and yes), admission type (emergency, urgent, and elective), admission source (emergency admission, outpatient admission, and others), LOS (continuous, log-transform), death (no and yes), and disease subtypes (dummies)
^*Indicating 0.01 ≤ p-value < 0.05
^**Indicating 0.001 ≤ p-value < 0.01
^***Indicating p-value < 0.001

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ISSN: 2049-3258

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