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Table 3 Determinants of low birth weight and infant mortality in India, 2019-21, N = 232,920

From: Relationship between low birth weight and infant mortality: evidence from National Family Health Survey 2019-21, India

 

Coefficients (model 1) (ρ12 = 0)

Coefficients (model 2) (ρ12 <>  0)

Coefficients (model 3) (ρ12 <>  0)

Total observations

N = 209,255

N = 209,255

N = 232,920

Panel A (Eq. 1)

 Infant mortality (probit model)

   

 Low birth weight

   

No®

 yes

0.45 (0.43, 0.47)***

2.02 (1.93, 2.12)***

1.82 (1.72, 1.91)***

Sex of the child

 Male®

   

 Female

− 0.14 (− 0.16, − 0.11)***

−0.12 (− 0.13, − 0.09)***

− 0.11 (− 0.13, − 0.09)***

Birth order

 1®

   

 2

0.43 (0.40, 0.45)***

0.35 (0.32, 0.37)***

0.39 (0.36, 0.41)***

 3 & above

0.81 (0.75, 0.86)***

0.63 (0.58, 0.68)***

0.73 (0.68, 0.77)***

Mother’s age at birth

 Less than 20®

   

 20-24

−0.03 (−0.07, − 0.00)***

− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03)

−0.03 (− 0.06, 0.00)*

 25-29

0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05)

0.05 (0.01, 0.08)**

− 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.05)

 30 & above

0.08 (− 0.14, 0.04)***

0.10 (0.06, 0.14)***

0.10 (− 0.07, 0.14)***

Wealth

 Poor®

   

 Non-poor

−0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.01)***

−0.03 (− 0.06, − 0.01)**

−0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)***

Religion

 Hindu®

   

 Muslim

− 0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.01)***

−0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02)

−0.04 (− 0.07, 0.01)**

 Others

− 0.09 (− 0.14, 0.04)***

0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03)

0.02 (− 0.06, 0.02)

Mother’s Education

 Illiterate®

   

 Primary

−0.03 (− 0.03, 0.04)

0.01 (− 0.02, 0.04)

0.01 (− 0.03, 0.06)

 Secondary

− 0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.02)***

−0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.01)***

−0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.02)***

 Higher

−0.17 (− 0.22, − 0.12)***

−0.15 (− 0.18, − 0.10)***

−0.17 (− 0.21, − 0.12)***

Place of residence

 Urban®

   

 Rural

0.03 (0.00, 0.06)*

0.03 (−0.00, 0.05)*

0.03 (−0.00, 0.06)*

Sanitation facility

 Unimproved®

   

 Improved

−0.03 (−0.06, − 0.00)**

−0.02 (− 0.05, 0.00)*

−0.02 (− 0.04, − 0.00)

Sources of drinking water

 Unimproved®

   

 Improved

0.00 (−0.06, 0.03)

−0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03)

−0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02)

Region

 North®

   

 Central

0.15 (0.12, 0.19)***

0.13 (0.10, 0.16)***

0.15 (0.12, 0.19)***

 East

0.08 (0.04, 0.12)***

0.07 (0.05, 0.04)***

0.07 (0.04, 0.11)***

 North-East

−0.04 (−0.05, 0.06)

−0.03 (− 0.08, 0.02)

−0.00 (− 0.04, 0.04)

 West

− 0.02 (− 0.07, − 0.03)

−0.01 (− 0.06, 0.04)

−0.02 (− 0.07, 0.03)

 South

− 0.05 (− 0.10, − 0.00)**

−0.03 (− 0.08, 0.01)

−0.05 (− 0.09, − 0.01)**

Panel B (Eq. 2)

N = 209,255

  

Low birth weight (probit model)

 Preterm birth

   

 No®

   

 Yes

0.36 (0.34, 0.37)***

0.40 (0.37, 0.41)***

0.37 (0.35, 0.39)***

Place of delivery

 Home®

   

 Public

−0.09 (− 0.11, − 0.07)***

−0.08 (− 0.11, − 0.07)***

−0.06 (− 0.07, − 0.03)***

 Private

−0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.03)***

−0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.02)***

−0.01 (− 0.04, − 0.01)

Birth order

 1®

   

 2

0.05 (0.04, 0.07)***

0.05 (0.03, 0.06)***

0.04 (0.02, 0.06)***

 3 & above

0.15 (0.11, 0.19)***

0.13 (0.09, 0.17)***

0.09 (0.05, 0.13)***

Religion

 Hindu®

   

 Muslim

−0.08 (−0.09, −0.06)***

−0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.06)***

−0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.05)***

 Others

−0.22 (0.25, − 0.20)***

−0.22 (− 0.23, − 0.19)***

−0.18 (− 0.20, − 0.16)***

Thin mother

 Yes®

   

 No

0.14 (0.12, −0.16)***

0.12 (0.10, −0.14)***

0.11 (0.09, − 0.13)***

Mother’s age at birth

 Less than 20®

   

 20-24

−0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)***

−0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)***

−0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)***

 25-29

−0.09 (− 0.12, − 0.07)***

−0.09 (− 0.12, − 0.07)***

−0.09 (− 0.10, − 0.06)***

 30 & above

−0.10 (− 0.13, − 0.07)***

−0.10 (− 0.12, − 0.07)***

−0.09 (− 0.11, − 0.06)***

No mass media exposure

 No®

   

 Yes

0.08 (0.07, 0.09)***

0.07 (0.06, 0.08)***

0.06 (0.05, 0.08)***

Correlation

−0.91 (−0.93, − 0.88)***

−0.90 (− 0.97, − 0.82)***

  1. Reference categories are: panel A: infant mortality panel B: low birth weight
  2. Model 1: The two equations are assumed independent (i.e., no correlated effects and estimated separately)
  3. Model 2: Full model using case-wise deletion and allowing for correlation among the two error terms
  4. Model 3: Full model using multiple imputations instead of case-wise deletion and allowing for correlation among the two error terms. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CIs) are given within brackets. Significance at * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p ≤ 0.001;®: Reference category