Coefficients (model 1) (ρ12 = 0) | Coefficients (model 2) (ρ12 <> 0) | Coefficients (model 3) (ρ12 <> 0) | |
---|---|---|---|
Total observations | N = 209,255 | N = 209,255 | N = 232,920 |
Panel A (Eq. 1) | |||
Infant mortality (probit model) | |||
Low birth weight | |||
No® | |||
yes | 0.45 (0.43, 0.47)*** | 2.02 (1.93, 2.12)*** | 1.82 (1.72, 1.91)*** |
Sex of the child | |||
Male® | |||
Female | − 0.14 (− 0.16, − 0.11)*** | −0.12 (− 0.13, − 0.09)*** | − 0.11 (− 0.13, − 0.09)*** |
Birth order | |||
1® | |||
2 | 0.43 (0.40, 0.45)*** | 0.35 (0.32, 0.37)*** | 0.39 (0.36, 0.41)*** |
3 & above | 0.81 (0.75, 0.86)*** | 0.63 (0.58, 0.68)*** | 0.73 (0.68, 0.77)*** |
Mother’s age at birth | |||
Less than 20® | |||
20-24 | −0.03 (−0.07, − 0.00)*** | − 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03) | −0.03 (− 0.06, 0.00)* |
25-29 | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.08)** | − 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.05) |
30 & above | 0.08 (− 0.14, 0.04)*** | 0.10 (0.06, 0.14)*** | 0.10 (− 0.07, 0.14)*** |
Wealth | |||
Poor® | |||
Non-poor | −0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.01)*** | −0.03 (− 0.06, − 0.01)** | −0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)*** |
Religion | |||
Hindu® | |||
Muslim | − 0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.01)*** | −0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02) | −0.04 (− 0.07, 0.01)** |
Others | − 0.09 (− 0.14, 0.04)*** | 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.03) | 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.02) |
Mother’s Education | |||
Illiterate® | |||
Primary | −0.03 (− 0.03, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.06) |
Secondary | − 0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.02)*** | −0.04 (− 0.07, − 0.01)*** | −0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.02)*** |
Higher | −0.17 (− 0.22, − 0.12)*** | −0.15 (− 0.18, − 0.10)*** | −0.17 (− 0.21, − 0.12)*** |
Place of residence | |||
Urban® | |||
Rural | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06)* | 0.03 (−0.00, 0.05)* | 0.03 (−0.00, 0.06)* |
Sanitation facility | |||
Unimproved® | |||
Improved | −0.03 (−0.06, − 0.00)** | −0.02 (− 0.05, 0.00)* | −0.02 (− 0.04, − 0.00) |
Sources of drinking water | |||
Unimproved® | |||
Improved | 0.00 (−0.06, 0.03) | −0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03) | −0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02) |
Region | |||
North® | |||
Central | 0.15 (0.12, 0.19)*** | 0.13 (0.10, 0.16)*** | 0.15 (0.12, 0.19)*** |
East | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12)*** | 0.07 (0.05, 0.04)*** | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11)*** |
North-East | −0.04 (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.03 (− 0.08, 0.02) | −0.00 (− 0.04, 0.04) |
West | − 0.02 (− 0.07, − 0.03) | −0.01 (− 0.06, 0.04) | −0.02 (− 0.07, 0.03) |
South | − 0.05 (− 0.10, − 0.00)** | −0.03 (− 0.08, 0.01) | −0.05 (− 0.09, − 0.01)** |
Panel B (Eq. 2) | N = 209,255 | ||
Low birth weight (probit model) | |||
Preterm birth | |||
No® | |||
Yes | 0.36 (0.34, 0.37)*** | 0.40 (0.37, 0.41)*** | 0.37 (0.35, 0.39)*** |
Place of delivery | |||
Home® | |||
Public | −0.09 (− 0.11, − 0.07)*** | −0.08 (− 0.11, − 0.07)*** | −0.06 (− 0.07, − 0.03)*** |
Private | −0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.03)*** | −0.05 (− 0.08, − 0.02)*** | −0.01 (− 0.04, − 0.01) |
Birth order | |||
1® | |||
2 | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07)*** | 0.05 (0.03, 0.06)*** | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06)*** |
3 & above | 0.15 (0.11, 0.19)*** | 0.13 (0.09, 0.17)*** | 0.09 (0.05, 0.13)*** |
Religion | |||
Hindu® | |||
Muslim | −0.08 (−0.09, −0.06)*** | −0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.06)*** | −0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.05)*** |
Others | −0.22 (0.25, − 0.20)*** | −0.22 (− 0.23, − 0.19)*** | −0.18 (− 0.20, − 0.16)*** |
Thin mother | |||
Yes® | |||
No | 0.14 (0.12, −0.16)*** | 0.12 (0.10, −0.14)*** | 0.11 (0.09, − 0.13)*** |
Mother’s age at birth | |||
Less than 20® | |||
20-24 | −0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)*** | −0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)*** | −0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)*** |
25-29 | −0.09 (− 0.12, − 0.07)*** | −0.09 (− 0.12, − 0.07)*** | −0.09 (− 0.10, − 0.06)*** |
30 & above | −0.10 (− 0.13, − 0.07)*** | −0.10 (− 0.12, − 0.07)*** | −0.09 (− 0.11, − 0.06)*** |
No mass media exposure | |||
No® | |||
Yes | 0.08 (0.07, 0.09)*** | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08)*** | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08)*** |
Correlation | – | −0.91 (−0.93, − 0.88)*** | −0.90 (− 0.97, − 0.82)*** |