Table 5 Cd, Hg, Mn and Pb levels (μg/L) in different international settings

This study

Kinshasa (Ages 3–14)

Blood

P5-P95 (GM)

0.022–1.112 (0.074)

0.060–1.161 (0.208)

6.597–15.740 (9.882)

35.69–144.50 (71.43)

Urine

0.082–1.53 (0.366)

0.323–1.953 (0.709)

0.070–1.703 (0.186)

1.827–18.500 (5.458)

Tuakuila et al. [21]

Kinshasa (Ages 3–14)

Blood

P25-P95 (GM)

0.09–4.2 (0.14)

1.3–4.2 (1.7)

–

45–146 (59)

Urine

0.18–1.7 (0.34)

5.5–19.3 (6.5)

–

2.9–23.0 (5.7)

Vogel et al. [48]

Germany (Ages 3–13)

Blood

P50-P95 (GM)

0.06–0.23 (−)

–

–

9.4–19.9 (9.47)

Urine

0.08–0.24 (0.072)

0.07–0.25 (0.067)

–

–

Burn et al. [55]

Germany (Ages 3–11)

Blood

P50-P95

0.40–1.07

1.80–3.68

–

12.3–21.4

Health Canada [46]

Canada (Ages 3–11)

Blood

P10-P95 (GM)

0.097–0.20 (0.099)

0.34–1.9 (0.34)

–

2.6–12.0 (5.0)

Urine

0.047–0.28 (0.048)

–

–

–

CDC [62]

USA (Ages 3–11)

Blood

P50-P95

0.100–0.220

0.262–1.710

10.5–17.9

6.20–20.02

Urine

0.036–0.148

0.241–0.570

0.133–0.410

0.460–1.19

SZÚ [63]

Czech Republic (Ages 3–11)

Urine

P50 (GM)

0.096 (0.096)

0.28 (0.276)

–

–

Jeong et al. [64]

Republic of Korea (Ages 3–13)

Blood

P50

0.90

–

–

14.3