Reported health, social support, stress and associations with choline intake in pregnant women in central South Africa: the NuEMI study 2018–2019

Table 3 Associations between reported health related to pregnancy and choline intake in pregnant women in central South Africa: the NuEMI study 2018–2019

	n	Choline intake < 450 mg		Choline intake ≥ 450 mg		p-value
	n	n	%	n	%	p-value
Previous pregnancy						0.091
Yes	610	512	83.9	98	16.1
No	71	65	91.6	6	8.5
Hospitalisation during pregnancy						0.887
Yes	160	135	84.8	25	15.6
No	123	442	84.8	79	15.2
Diarrhoea lasting > three days						0.414
Yes	94	77	81.9	17	18.1
No	587	500	85.2	87	14.8
Constipation						0.357
Yes	267	222	83.2	45	16.9
No	414	355	85.8	59	14.3
Nausea						0.278
Yes	386	322	83.4	64	16.6
No	295	255	86.4	40	13.6
Vomiting						0.378
Yes	374	321	85.8	53	14.2
No	307	256	83.4	51	16.6
Appetite loss						0.903
Yes	413	351	85.0	62	15.0
No	267	226	84.6	41	15.4
Weight loss > 3 kg						0.165
Yes	117	104	89.0	13	11.1
No	562	471	83.8	91	16.2
Heartburn						0.306
Yes	90	73	81.1	17	18.9
No	591	504	85.3	87	14.7
Hypertension						*0.042
Yes	157	125	79.6	32	20.4
No	524	452	86.3	72	13.7
Diabetes						0.302
Yes	31	24	77.4	7	22.6
No	649	552	85.1	97	15.0
Any sexually transmitted disease						0.051
Yes	125	113	90.4	12	9.6
No	556	464	83.5	92	16.6
Tuberculosis						0.603
Yes	7	7	100.0	0	0.0
No	673	569	84.6	104	15.5
Use of antiretroviral therapy						*0.011
Yes	216	194	89.8	22	10.2
No	463	381	82.3	82	17.7
Use of Tuberculosis medication						0.228
Yes	21	20	95.2	1	4.8
No	658	555	84.4	103	15.7
Use of glucose-lowering medication						1.000
Yes	251	21	84.0	4	16.0
No	654	554	84.7	100	15.3

p-value for Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical data with significance set at p < 0.05; *indicates significance.

ISSN: 2049-3258