A cross-country comparison of health-related quality of life in the United States, Sweden, and Norway during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 1 Selected characteristics of survey participants stratified by country and survey wave

	N	Mean Age (SD)	Mean EQ-5D-5L Utilities (SD)	Scaled Mean EQ-VAS (SD)	Fear on Health (SD)	Fear on Financial Situation (SD)
United States
Apr 1^st – May 6^th, 2020 (Wave 1)	2,734	42.6 (14.3)	0.822 (0.222)	0.746 (0.192)	5.20 (2.95)	5.79 (3.00)
Jan 10^th – Mar 15^th, 2021 (Wave 2)	2,252	42.6 (13.9)	0.823 (0.221)	0.764 (0.186)	5.50 (3.07)	5.36 (3.13)
*p-value (t-test)*		0.9447	0.7904	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Sweden
Apr 1^st – May 6^th, 2020 (Wave 1)	1,003	47.8 (17.1)	0.768 (0.260)	0.687 (0.214)	4.65 (2.88)	4.49 (2.89)
Jan 10^th – Mar 15^th, 2021 (Wave 2)	1,013	46.7 (16.6)	0.783 (0.237)	0.682 (0.203)	4.36 (2.64)	3.86 (2.75)
*p-value (t-test)*		0.1541	0.1785	0.5638	0.0206	< 0.001
Norway
Apr 1^st – May 6^th, 2020 (Wave 1)	1,020	46.9 (17.0)	0.808 (0.248)	0.692 (0.208)	4.05 (2.77)	3.82 (2.74)
Jan 10^th – Mar 15^th, 2021 (Wave 2)	1,011	46.9 (16.6)	0.777 (0.271)	0.678 (0.217)	3.88 (2.65)	3.29 (2.69)
*p-value (t-test)*		0.9673	0.0067	0.1241	0.1656	< 0.001
*p-value (ANOVA)*			< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

p-value (t-test) was comparing wave 1 and wave 2 outcomes within each country
p-value (ANOVA) test was to compare the difference between the 3 countries for each wave

ISSN: 2049-3258