A cross-country comparison of health-related quality of life in the United States, Sweden, and Norway during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 2 Quality-adjusted life year changes of survey participants across survey waves stratified by country and age group

Country	Age Group	2020 Population N (thousand)	Apr 2020 (Wave 1)		Jan 2021 (Wave 2)			QALY Difference (thousand)
Country	Age Group	2020 Population N (thousand)	Mean EQ-5D-5L Utility	Estimated Population QALY (thousand)	Mean EQ-5D-5L Utility	Estimated Population QALY (thousand)	Utility Difference	QALY Difference (thousand)
United States	< 25	42,995^a	0.752	32,332	0.792	34,052	0.040	1720
	25–34	45,485	0.824	37,480	0.819	37,252	-0.005	-227
	35–44	41,346	0.844	34,896	0.833	34,441	-0.011	-455
	45–54	41,541	0.817	33,939	0.829	34,437	0.012	498
	55–64	42,101	0.817	34,397	0.812	34,186	-0.005	-211
	≥ 65	45,741^b	0.827	37,828	0.840	38,422	0.013	595
	Pooled QALY Difference							1920
Sweden	< 25	1,151^a	0.709	816	0.762	877	0.053	61
	25–34	1,452	0.719	1,044	0.765	1,111	0.046	67
	35–44	1,291	0.749	967	0.762	984	0.013	17
	45–54	1,336	0.779	1,041	0.791	1,057	0.012	16
	55–64	1,214	0.781	948	0.780	947	-0.001	-1
	≥ 65	1,847^b	0.831	1,535	0.831	1,535	0.000	0
	Pooled QALY Difference							159
Norway	< 25	659^a	0.684	451	0.597	393	-0.087	-57
	25–34	745	0.801	597	0.764	569	-0.037	-28
	35–44	704	0.794	559	0.777	547	-0.017	-12
	45–54	748	0.789	590	0.808	604	0.019	14
	55–64	639	0.859	549	0.780	498	-0.079	-50
	≥ 65	825^b	0.874	721	0.843	695	-0.031	-26
	Pooled QALY Difference							-159

ISSN: 2049-3258