Longitudinal trends and determinants of stunting among children aged 1–15 years

Table 1 Background Characteristics of children in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam

Characteristics			Year of survey
Characteristics			2002	2006	2009	2013	2016
Child’s sex	Male	n	4091	4040	3990	3935	3900
	Male	%	51.8	52.1	52.0	52.1	52.1
	Female	n	3814	3711	3682	3619	3579
	Female	%	48.2	47.9	48.0	47.9	47.9
Area of residence	Urban	n	2976	2925	2940	3015	3044
	Urban	%	37.6	37.7	38.3	39.9	40.7
	Rural	n	4929	4826	4715	4539	4434
	Rural	%	62.4	62.3	61.5	60.1	59.3
Access to safe drinking water	No	n	3999	3340	2771	2569	2198
	No	%	50.6	43.1	36.2	34.0	29.5
	Yes	n	3901	4411	4892	4981	5257
	Yes	%	49.4	56.9	63.8	66.0	70.5
Father’s education level	Uneducated	n	2295	1464	1232	870	809
	Uneducated	%	32.6	21.0	18.4	13.2	12.6
	Primary school	n	2462	3013	2998	3010	2713
	Primary school	%	34.9	43.2	44.7	45.8	42.3
	Secondary school	n	1749	1765	1734	1750	1849
	Secondary school	%	24.8	25.3	25.9	26.6	28.8
	Diploma and above	n	521	553	547	617	676
	Diploma and above	%	7.4	7.9	8.2	9.4	10.5
	Adult and Religious education	n	21	176	189	324	364
	Adult and Religious education	%	0.3	2.5	2.8	4.9	5.7
Mother’s education level	Uneducated	n	3115	2357	2004	1844	1757
	Uneducated	%	40.3	31.1	27.2	25.4	24.6
	Primary school	n	2660	3113	3212	3133	2924
	Primary school	%	34.4	41.1	43.6	43.1	41.0
	Secondary school	n	1522	1524	1510	1538	1628
	Secondary school	%	19.7	20.1	20.5	21.2	22.8
	Diploma and above	n	414	412	432	462	525
	Diploma and above	%	5.4	5.4	5.9	6.4	7.4
	Adult and Religious education	n	19	163	215	287	300
	Adult and Religious education	%	0.2	2.2	2.9	4.0	4.2
The four Low- and middle-income countries	Ethiopia	n	1917	1908	1877	1871	1805
	Ethiopia	%	24.3	24.6	24.5	24.8	24.1
	India	n	1970	1937	1924	1907	1894
	India	%	24.9	25.0	25.1	25.2	25.3
	Peru	n	2035	1950	1937	1876	1843
	Peru	%	25.7	25.2	25.2	24.8	24.6
	Vietnam	n	1983	1956	1934	1900	1937
	Vietnam	%	25.1	25.2	25.2	25.2	25.9

ISSN: 2049-3258