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Table 5 Types of evaluation in upper limb rehabilitation robots

From: Overview of the role of robots in upper limb disabilities rehabilitation: a scoping review

Evaluation types

Evaluation Methods/tools(references)

References frequency

All References for evaluation types

The total frequency of types of evaluation based on the number of references

Evaluation and measurement of upper limb function and dexterity

Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity score (FMA-UE) [27,28,29, 33,34,35,36,37, 41, 48,49,50, 53,54,55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65,66,67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80]

30

[26,27,28,29,30,31, 33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51, 53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76, 78,79,80]

52

Barthel Index (BI) [34, 37, 39, 48, 49, 60, 68, 73, 75, 79]

10

Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) [28, 31, 34, 39, 44, 46, 55, 56, 65, 68, 80]

11

Box and Block Test (BBT) [27, 28, 30, 35, 38, 40, 51, 58, 60, 65, 69]

11

Wolf Motor Function (WMFT) [40, 42, 50, 53, 56, 57, 61, 70, 72, 80]

10

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) [26, 34, 37, 47, 55, 56, 60, 65, 80]

9

Functional Independence Measure (FIM) [28, 31, 34, 35, 39, 44, 46, 80]

8

Active or Passive Range Of Motion (ROM) [55, 57, 61, 63, 64, 75]

6

Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) [26, 36, 38, 43, 47, 79]

6

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) [35, 40, 60, 61]

5

Motor Activity Log (MAL) [34, 39, 58]

3

Dynamic Surface Electromyography (DSEMG) [28, 64, 78]

3

ABILHAND-Kids [30, 69]

2

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) [68, 75]

2

Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) [30, 67]

2

Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT) [45, 67]

2

Physical health Composite Score (PCS) [48]

1

Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) [35]

1

Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT) [29]

1

Semi-structured interview to assess arm function [36]

1

Patient-Rated Wrist and Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) [63]

1

Arm-Hand Function (AHF) [71]

1

Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) [67]

1

Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) [46]

1

Reliable Change Index (RCI) [46]

1

Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) [49]

1

Total active mobility (TAM) [34]

1

Disability Assessment Scale (DAS) [34]

1

Pegboard test [66]

1

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) [71]

1

Spinal Cord Independence(SCI) [71]

1

Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) [67]

1

World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) [73]

1

Manual Function Test (MFT) [44]

1

Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) [68]

1

Shoulder Disability Questionnaire (K-SDQ) [75]

1

Sensors [59, 74]

1

Reflective markers [62]

 

Grooved Pegboard Test (GP) [51]

1

Range and motor skills and functional strength of the hand

Motricity Index (MI) [31, 36, 39, 48, 49, 76, 79]

7

[31, 36, 38, 39, 48, 49, 51, 55, 63, 69, 76, 79]

12

Grip Strength Test [38, 39, 51, 55, 63, 69, 79]

7

Medical Research Council Scale for Muscle Strength (hand flexor and extensor muscles) (MRC) [46, 76]

2

Pinch Strength [79]

1

Quality of Movement (QOM) [39]

1

Amadeo® hand muscle strength: Measures of muscle strength using the robotic device [36]

1

Neuropsychological assessment

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [34, 39, 44, 46, 54]

5

[34, 39, 44,45,46, 48, 49, 54, 71, 73]

11

Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) [45, 49]

2

Mental health Composite Score (MCS) [48]

1

Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT) [73]

1

Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) [71]

1

Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS) [73]

1

Rey Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF) [49]

1

Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) [49]

1

Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS) [49]

1

Digit Span Task [49]

1

Tower of London test [49]

1

Trail making test (TMT) [45]

1

Self-Depression Scale (SDS) [34]

1

Quality of life

Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) [35, 40,41,42, 60, 61]

6

[28, 35, 36, 40,41,42, 48, 60, 61]

9

Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) [48]

1

Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) [41]

1

Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) [36]

1

Quality of Life (Euro-QOl) [28]

1

Lab-based clinical and kinematic

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) [46, 60]

2

[34, 43, 46, 60]

4

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) [43]

1

Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) [34]

1

Severity of pain

Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) [48]

1

[31, 48, 68]

3

Numeric Rating Pain Scale (NRPS) [31, 48]

2

visual analog scale (VAS) [68]

1

Reliability

Force and position sensors [32]

1

[32, 37]

2

Based on the time required to complete the task, the average velocity of the device during the test, the Global length of the path travelled by the subject during center-out movements, the line integral of the force along the path described by the patient, and the amount of total work directed towards the target [37]

1

Efficiency

Force and position sensors [32]

1

[32, 79]

2

Motricity Index (MI) [79]

1

Nine Hole Peg Test [79]

1

Grip and Pinch test [79]

1

The quick version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick-DASH) [79]

1

Feasibility of the use of the system

Motion analysis of the fingers both with and without the device [77]

1

[77, 79]

2

- Assessment of the side effects by reporting any adverse events occurring during the study by the physiotherapist in regard to the use of Gloreha Professional [79]

-Assessment of the level of operator difficulty for the physiotherapist in managing the device by visual analogue scale (VAS) [79]

1

Cost analysis

- Costs calculation in terms of the time required by healthcare personnel, using the average cost per hour of a physiotherapist per total number of rehabilitation treatments per patient and in terms of the time required by a physiotherapist to take care that the robotic device working correctly during the sessions [79]

1

[79]

1

Tremor Severity Scale

A clinical rating scale [36]

1

[26, 36]

2

Tremor Severity Scale (TSS) [26]

1

Adherence to rehabilitation exercises

number of treatment robot sessions and the duration of treatment sessions using the robot over time [52]

1

[52]

1

Usability Testing

Usefulness, Satisfaction and Ease-of-use(USE) Questioner [71]

1

[71]

1

Patient Satisfaction

Questionnaire

Usefulness, Satisfaction and Ease-of-use questionnaire (USE) [71]

1

[71]

1