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Table 2 Characteristics of respondents and their association with pneumonia among under-five children in South West Shewa Zone Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2021

From: Determinants of pneumonia among under-five children in Oromia region, Ethiopia: unmatched case-control study

Variables

Category

Cases; No(%)

Controls; No(%)

COR (95%CI)

AOR (95%CI)

Socio-demographic

    

Age of mothers*

< 18 years

9(4.5)

3(1.5)

2.53 (0.87, 7.37)

 
 

18–24 years

58(29.1)

43 (21.6)

1.05 (0.62, 1.64)

 
 

25 years and above

132(66.3)

153(76.9)

1

 

Residence*

Urban

79 (39.7)

106(53.3)

1

 
 

Rural

120 (60.3)

93 (46.7)

1.73 (1.16, 2.58)

 

Maternal and child

     

Child caregiver**

Mother

139(69.8)

165(82.9)

1

1

 

House worker

60(30.2)

34(17.1)

2.10(1.30,3.38)

6.46(2.83,14.76)

Knowledge of domestic smoking*

Yes

30(15.1)

78(39.2)

1

 
 

No

169(84.9)

121(60.8)

2.27 (1.46–3.52)

 

Mother’s use of ANC*

Yes

181(90)

178(84.9)

1.43(0.84, 2.42)

 
 

No

18(9)

21(10.6)

1

 

Age of child*

< 6 moth

60(30.2)

40(20.1)

2.11(1.29, 3.45)

 
 

6,12 moth

58(29.1)

45(22.6)

1.81(1.12, 2.94)

 
 

> 12 moth

81(40.7)

114(57.3)

1

 

Birth weight of child*

< 2.5 kg

17(8.5)

10(5.)

1.77 (0.79, 3.96)

 
 

≥ 2.5 kg

182(91.5)

189 (95

1

 

Duration of breast feed**

< 6 month

77(38.7)

41(20.6)

3.40 (2.02, 5.71)

3.51(1.12,11.00)

 

6–12 month

75(37.7)

73 (36.7)

1.86 (1.15, 3.01)

2.07(0.88,4.89)

 

> 12 month

47(23.6)

85(42.7)

1

1

Immunization status of the child*

Fully vaccinated

76 (38.2)

114(57.3)

1

 
 

Vaccinated for age

62 (31.2)

47 (23.6)

1.98(1.23, 3.19)

 
 

Partially vaccinated

47(23.6)

32 (16.1)

2.20(1.29, 3.76)

 
 

Not vaccinated

14 (7.0)

6 (3.0)

3.50(1.29, 9.51)

 

Vit A supplementation in the last 6 months**

Yes

51(25.6)

106 (53.3)

1

1

 

No

148(74.4)

93 (46.7)

3.31(2.26,5.26)

3.56(1.58, 8.05)

Zink supplementation in the last 6 month*

Yes

19(9.5%)

60 (30.2)

4.09(2.33, 7.17)

 
 

No

180(60.5)

139 (69.8)

3.08 (1.94, 4.90)

 

History of diarrhea in last 2 weeks*

Yes

79 (39.7)

35 (17.6)

1

 
 

No

120(60.3)

164 (57.7)

8.22(4.84,13.98)

 

Child history of URTI in 2 weeks**

Yes

113(56.8)

21(10.6)

3.69(1.19,11.41)

9.66(4.69,19.87)

 

No

68(43.2)

178(89.4)

1

1

Housing and Environmental

     

Number of people sleeping in the same room**

One-two

22(11.1)

51(25.6)

1

1

 

Three-five

151(75.9)

140(70.4)

2.50(1.44, 4.34)

2.90 (1.23, 6.84)

 

> five

26(13.1)

8(4.0)

7.53(2.95,19.23)

3.88(1.02,14.77)

Availability of and or daily windows opening practice**

Yes

62(31.2)

118(49.3)

1

1

 

No

137(68.8)

81(40.7)

3.22(2.13, 4.86)

2.56(1.21, 5.41)

Place of cooking*

In the living room

54(27.1)

26(13.1)

2.14(1.10, 4.13)

 
 

Kitchen attached to LR

110(55.3)

137(68.4)

0.83(0.49, 1.40)

 
 

Separate kitchen

35(17.6)

36(16.1)

1

 

Place to keep child from cooking area*

On mother’s back

17(8.5)

8(4.)

3.52(1.46, 8.49)

 
 

Within 2 m

95(47.7)

47(23.6)

3.35(2.16, 5.19)

 
 

Kept > 2 m

87(43.6)

144(72.4)

1

 

Source of fuels for cooking**

Wood/charcoal

149(74.4)

96(48.2)

3.90(2.47, 6.18)

3.02(1.41,6.46)

 

Kerosene

13(6.5)

10(5)

3.27 (1.32, 8.10)

2.44(0.58,10.38)

 

Electric

37(18.6)

93(46.7)

1

1

Source the of light in the house*

Wood

15(7.5)

5(2.5)

3.97(1.40,11.22)

 
 

Kerosene

63(31.7)

34(17.1)

2.45 (1.52, 3.96

 
 

Electric or solar

121(60.8)

160(80.4)

1

 

Proper hand washing practice*

Yes

127(63.8)

142(71.9)

1

 
 

some times

67(33.7)

52(26.1)

1.45(0.94, 2.24)

 
 

No

5(2.55)

4(2.0)

1.41(0.37, 5.39)

 

Presence of latrine *

Improved

20(10.1)

34(17.1)

1

 
 

Not improved

64(32.2)

68(34.2)

1.60(0.84, 3.06)

 
 

Traditional

93(46.7)

88(44.2)

1.80 (0.96, 3.36)

 
 

No latrine

22(11.1)

9(4.5)

4.16(1.60,10.77)

 
  1. Note: ** Shows independent variables significantly associated with dependent variables in a multivariable logistic regression analysis at P = < 0.05.
  2. Note: * shows factors associated with presence of pneumonia at p, values ≤ 0.2.