Table 1 The distribution of cigarette smoking by socio-demographic characteristics and bivariate odds ratios (OR) for cigarette smoking among Ghanaian men in the 2003 and 2008 demographic and health surveys

Age (in years)

 15–24

1791(1.6)

1613 (1.5)

1.0

 25–34

1387 (10.1)

1156 (7.5)

6.1 (4.5–8.4)

 35–59

1836 (19.5)

1796 (14.5)

11.8 (8.8–15.9)

Education

 Higher education

316 (6.0)

412 (4.6)

1.0

 Secondary education

3014 (6.3)

2850 (4.9)

1.4 (1.0–1.9)

 Primary education

803 (10.7)

663 (10.1)

2.9 (2.0–4.2)

 No education

881 (26.2)

640 (23.0)

4.7 (3.3–6.6)

Occupation

 Managerial/professional

411 (8.2)

458 (10.3)

1.0

 Clerical and services

515 (10.3)

784 (17.7)

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

 Manual

975 (19.4)

805 (18.2)

1.6 (1.1–2.3)

 Agriculture

1970 (39.9)

1567 (35.4)

3.0 (2.2–4.1)

 No working

1061 (21.2)

809 (18.3)

0.6 (0.3–1.0)

Religion

 Christianity

4447 (8.3)

3304 (4.7)

1.0

 Traditional religion

329 (25.5)

253 (25.7)

3.6 (2.9–4.5)

 Muslim

238 (31.5)

755 (13.4)

2.9 (2.0–4.1)

 Other religions

2 (0)

252 (19.8)

2.0 (1.6–2.4)

Labour market position

 Not in labour force

3790 (2.8)

3640 (2.5)

1.0

 In labour force

1222 (13.0)

909 (9.6)

2.0 (1.5–2.7)

Wealth index

 Richest

1204 (5.7)

1079(3.3)

1.0

 Richer

1060 (6.6)

1078 (5.2)

1.5 (1.1–1.9)

 Middle

976 (8.5)

784 (7.9)

2.0 (1.1–2.9)

 Poorer

903 (13.0)

815 (7.7)

2.4 (1.9–3.1)

 Poorest

872 (21.6)

809 (19.2)

4.1 (3.2–5.3)

Place of residence

 Urban

2250 (7.0)

2122 (5.6)

1.0

 Rural

2764 (13.3)

2443 (10.4)

1.8 (1.5–2.1)

Survey year

 2003

1.0

 2008

0.7 (0.6–0.8)