Table 3 Summary of overall health care utilization and costs during the 12-month follow-up period, by cohort

Inpatient services

  Had ≥ 1 hospital admission (n, %)

127,553

74.16%

166,729

10.77%

192,070

55.83%

102,212

7.43%

  Had ≥ 2 hospital admissions (n, %)

59,199

34.42%

31,289

2.02%

72,263

21.01%

18,225

1.32%

  Mean number of admissions (SD)

1.44

(1.62)

0.14

(0.45)

0.97

(1.36)

0.09

(0.37)

  Mean (SD) inpatient days^a

13.81

(24.88)

7.07

(39.57)

11.65

(22.04)

6.89

(49.31)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$24,766

($48,149)

$427

($1,739)

$13,618

($35,945)

$171

($805)

SNF stays

  Had ≥ 1 SNF admission (n, %)

10,410

6.05%

8,987

0.58%

14,047

4.08%

5,350

0.39%

  Mean number of SNF admissions (SD)

0.10

(0.49)

0.01

(0.14)

0.07

(0.41)

0.01

(0.10)

  Mean (SD) SNF days^a

33.70

(44.70)

48.52

(203.18)

42.75

(135.81)

34.84

(157.98)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$525

($3,532)

$20

($389)

$323

($2,612)

$7

($180)

ED visits

  Had ≥ 1 ED visit (n, %)

103,348

60.08%

355,475

22.96%

183,931

53.47%

274,892

19.98%

  Mean number of ED visits (SD)

5.31

(14.32)

1.29

(4.60)

4.26

(11.65)

1.05

(3.90)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$888

($2,283)

$136

($505)

$659

($1,791)

$99

($370)

Office visits

  Had ≥ 1 office visit (n, %)

168,403

97.91%

1,505,071

97.22%

336,935

97.94%

1,336,539

97.13%

  Mean number of office visits (SD)

26.00

(20.97)

12.72

(12.11)

23.73

(19.25)

11.62

(10.86)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$5,827

($13,092)

$1,155

($1,440)

$4,246

($9,562)

$967

($1,098)

Pharmacy

  Had ≥ 1 prescription (n, %)

150,474

87.48%

1,225,785

79.18%

302,929

88.06%

1,073,330

78.00%

  Mean number of prescriptions (SD)

53.72

(44.11)

27.99

(28.83)

50.37

(41.21)

25.61

(26.56)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$4,854

($12,486)

$1,428

($2,162)

$4,190

($9,270)

$1,166

($1,660)

Outpatient hospital visits

  Had ≥ 1 outpatient visit (n, %)

131,885

76.68%

844,910

54.58%

257,619

74.89%

719,176

52.26%

  Mean number of outpatient visits (SD)

43.33

(82.58)

9.15

(20.37)

32.64

(65.27)

7.55

(16.13)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$8,763

($22,823)

$767

($1,816)

$5,807

($16,625)

$507

($1,136)

Laboratory services

  Had ≥ 1 laboratory service (n, %)

92,529

53.79%

655,781

42.36%

178,840

51.99%

569,470

41.39%

  Mean number of laboratory services (SD)

13.13

(30.85)

5.50

(11.32)

10.72

(24.64)

5.15

(10.57)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$247

($810)

$75

($210)

$194

($630)

$66

($179)

OOP services

  Had ≥ 1 OOP services (n, %)

153,936

89.50%

834,883

53.93%

293,499

85.31%

695,320

50.53%

  Mean number of OOP services (SD)

46.30

(95.37)

8.49

(22.41)

34.05

(75.59)

6.82

(16.91)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$10,598

($29,858)

$666

($1,633)

$6,559

($21,633)

$434

($1,016)

Total health care utilization

  Had ≥ 1 medical encounter (n, %)

172,004

100.00%

1,548,037

100.00%

344,019

100.00%

1,376,022

100.00%

  Mean number of encounters (SD)

189.33

(150.55)

65.29

(51.82)

156.81

(123.32)

57.92

(42.74)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$56,468

($65,604)

$4,674

($4,504)

$35,596

($50,903)

$3,417

($2,775)