Construct | Number of items (Format) | Scoring (range) | Validity (Cronbach’s alpha) | Example of items |
---|---|---|---|---|
1)Perceived susceptibility: It refers to subjective assessment of risk of developing a health problem | 5 items/ 5 point Likert Scale | Strongly Disagree = 1, Disagree = 2, No idea = 3, Agree = 4, Strongly Agree = 5 (5–25) | 0.79 | If I drive with unauthorized speed, I’m likely to crash |
2) Perceived severity: It refers to the subjective assessment of the severity of a health problem and its potential consequences. | 5 items/5 point Likert Scale (strongly disagree- strongly agree) | SD = 1, D = 2, NI = 3, A = 4, SA = 5a (5–25) | 0.84 | If I have driving accident, I will suffer from long-term complications. |
3) Perceived benefits: Health-related behaviors are also influenced by the perceived benefits of taking action. | 6 items/5 point Likert Scale (strongly disagree- strongly agree) | SD = 1, D = 2, NI = 3, A = 4, SA = 5 (6–30) | 0.81 | Avoiding hazardous driving behaviors will prevent personal and financial losses. |
4) Perceived barriers: It refers to barrier to taking health-related actions. | 5 items/5 point Likert Scale (strongly disagree- strongly agree) | SD = 1, D = 2, NI = 3, A = 4, SA = 5 (5–25) | 0.85 | The temptation to transfer more passenger makes me stop driving safely. |
5) Self-efficacy: It refers to an individual’s perception of his or her competence to successfully perform a behavior | 4 items/5 point Likert Scale (strongly disagree- strongly agree) | SD = 1, D = 2, NI = 3, A = 4, SA = 5 (4–20) | 0.76 | The insistence of passengers does not make me to undertake risky driving behaviors. |
6) Safe behavior: It refers to health-related behaviors and practices. | 32 items / 4 point | never = 1, sometimes = 2, most of the time = 3, Always = 4) (32–128) | – | - Use mobile phone while driving - Exchanging money with passengers while driving |