Table 2 Weighted descriptive results of weight transitions at baseline, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, 1998-2007, US
From: Longitudinal analysis of Socioecological obesogenic factors in a National Sample of U.S. children
% (n), mean (SD) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Improveda (−2) | Improveda (−1) | Evenb (0) | Worsec (1) | Total | p-value | |
n = 9 | n = 94 | n = 1092 | n = 69 | n = 1264 | |||
(.49%) | (7.22%) | (87.71%) | (4.58%) | (100%) | |||
Dependent variables | |||||||
Covariates |  1. Individual | ||||||
  Age | 5.22 (.53) | 5.12 (.34) | 5.25 (.45) | 5.30 (.51) | 5.24 (.45) | < .05* | |
  Female | 44.42% (4) | 47.73% (37) | 49.36% (555) | 41.77% (28) | 48.87% (624) | .79 | |
  Ethnicity |  |  |  |  |  | .16 | |
   Non-Hispanic white | 76.92% (6) | 69.04% (76) | 77.04% (847) | 57.91% (46) | 75.59% (975) |  | |
   Non-Hispanic black | 6.57% (1) | 2.95% (3) | 7.17% (60) | 11.13% (8) | 7.05% (72) |  | |
   Hispanic & Others | 16.52% (2) | 28.02% (15) | 15.79% (185) | 30.96% (15) | 17.37% (217) |  | |
  Computer usage | 2.00 (0.87) | 2.26 (0.95) | 2.30 (0.81) | 2.37 (0.84) | 2.30 (0.83) | .17 | |
  Hours watching TV after dinner | 0.67 (0.86) | 0.76 (0.79) | 0.72 (0.75) | 1.03 (0.76) | 0.74 (0.76) | < .01** | |
2. Parenting capacity | |||||||
  Parents’ education |  |  |  |  |  | .66 | |
   Lower than high school | 10.42% (1) | .42% (2) | 2.19% (26) | 1.66% (1) | 2.08% (30) |  | |
   High school | 16.90% (1) | 15.23% (18) | 20.75% (230) | 23.87% (17) | 20.48% (266) |  | |
   Greater than high school | 72.61% (7) | 80.44% (72) | 75.08% (821) | 71.01% (50) | 75.27% (950) |  | |
  Mom’s employment | 3.00 (1.39) | 3.24 (1.08) | 2.91 (1.26) | 3.20 (1.37) | 2.95 (1.26) | .11 | |
  Parents’ income | 8.78 (2.77) | 8.48 (3.50) | 8.58 (2.77) | 7.81 (3.35) | 8.53 (2.87) | .23 | |
3. Family Function | |||||||
 Family structure | 93.38% (8) | 77.80% (74) | 81.55% (936) | 72.79% (49) | 80.94% (1067) | .50 | |
 Family size with members less than 18 years old | 2.56 (1.87) | 2.34 (0.94) | 2.40 (0.94) | 2.25 (0.99) | 2.39 (0.95) | .45 | |
 Family TV restriction | 100.00% (9) | 80.74% (76) | 86.77% (975) | 85.29% (61) | 86.33% (1121) | .65 | |
 Primary caregiver | 60.54% (6) | 61.38% (51) | 46.72% (520) | 49.51% (40) | 47.97% (617) | .38 | |
 Food security | 0 | .44 (1.29) | .35 (1.39) | .12 (.63) | .34 (1.37) | < .01** | |
4. School | |||||||
 School’s ratio of minorities | 1.67 (0.74) | 2.01 (1.32) | 1.96 (1.27) | 1.94 (1.59) | 1.96 (1.29) | < .05* | |
 School free lunch program | 12.36 (10.82) | 25.47 (15.44) | 23.88 (22.45) | 29.61 (25.07) | 24.23 (22.19) | < .01** | |
5. Environment | |||||||
 Urbanity |  |  |  |  |  | < .01** | |
  Large city | 0% (0) | 21.58% (27) | 22.14% (264) | 14.05% (9) | 21.62% (300) |  | |
  Mid-size city | 64.08% (6) | 29.63% (30) | 49.34% (463) | 35.14% (22) | 47.34% (521) |  | |
  Small town and rural | 35.92% (3) | 48.79% (37) | 28.52% (365) | 50.82% (38) | 31.04% (443) |  | |