Skip to main content

Table 3 Associations between macroeconomic factors increase with mortality change in the same year and considering 1 to 5 year lag-time

From: Converging or diverging trajectories of mortality under one year of age in the Baltic States: a comparison with the European Union

Time-lag in years

Expected impact of 100 US$ per capita annual rise in health expenditure on mortality (β with 95 % CI)

Expected impact of 100 US$ per capita annual rise in GDP on mortality (β with 95 % CI)

Fetal mortality

 0

−0.0972 (−0.1698, −0.0246)**

−0.0023 (−0.0052, 0.0006)

 1

−0.1139 (−0.1825, −0.04531)***

−0.0015 (−0.0044, 0.0001)

 2

− 0.1241 (− 0.1932, − 0.0549)***

− 0.0020 (− 0.0046, 0.0006)

 3

− 0.1408 (− 0.2149, − 0.0666)***

−0.0020 (− 0.0051, 0.0012)

 4

− 0.1544 (− 0.2072, − 0.0101)***

−0.0027 (− 0.0057, 0.0003)

 5

− 0.1338 (− 0.1865, − 0.0811)***

−0.0026 (− 0.0048, − 0.0004)*

Neonatal mortality

 0

− 0.1641 (− 0.2298, − 0.0985)***

−0.0049 (− 0.0068, − 0.0030)***

 1

−0.1325 (− 0.2016, − 0.0633)***

−0.0045 (− 0.0064, − 0.0025)***

 2

−0.0567 (− 0.1036, − 0.0099)*

−0.0003 (− 0.0019, 0.0014)

 3

− 0.1156 (− 0.1860, − 0.0452)***

−0.0018 (− 0.0040, 0.0004)

 4

− 0.1110 (− 0.1801, − 0.0419)**

−0.0027 (− 0.0043, − 0.0010)***

 5

−0.0734 (− 0.1496, 0.0028)

−0.0026 (− 0.0044, − 0.0001)**

Infant mortality

 0

− 0.0788 (− 0.1212, − 0.0364)***

−0.00003 (− 0.0014, 0.0013)

 1

0.0330 (− 0.0072, 0.073)

−0.0021 (− 0.0055, 0.0013)

 2

0.0102 (− 0.0384, 0.0589)

−0.0001 (− 0.0014, 0.0013)

 3

− 0.0100 (− 0.0540, 0.0339)

0.0010 (− 0.0012, 0.0031)

 4

−0.0269 (− 0.0779, 0.0242)

−0.0002 (− 0.0020, 0.0017)

 5

0.0174 (− 0.0376, 0.0723)

0.0001 (− 0.0011, 0.0012)

  1. β – the impact of annual changes in health expenditure and GDP on mortality controlling for population structure (proportion of population below 15 years of age and proportion of population above 65 years of age) and controlling for inter-country differences in health expenditure and GDP
  2. ***p ≤ 0.001; **p ≤ 0.01; *p ≤ 0.05