Table 1 Descriptive data on pregnancy and birth characteristics

Characteristics

Maternal age at birth (years)

18.6 ± 2.0

29.8 ± 2.7

-21.2

< 0.001

Gender of child

2.904

.088

  female

49 %

31 %

48.72 %⁵

  male

51 %

67 %

51.27 %⁵

Pregnancy and birth

Number of prenatal care appointments

12 ± 3.61

12 ± 1.94

.530

.597

16.5 ± 4.7¹11.34⁵

Detection of pregnancy (gestational week)

8.73 ± 5.06

6.31 ± 2.11

3.251

.002

Number of medical complications during pregnancy

0.56 ± 0.74

0.20 ± 0.41

3.083

.003

  Gestational diabetes

3.2 %

2.9 %

2.0 %², 5.90 %⁵

  Pre-eclampsia

4.8 %

0 %

3.8 %^4,, 3.0 %¹

  Premature labour

7.9 %

0 %

1.87 %⁵

  Antepartum bleeding

4.8 %

5.7 %

5,3 %⁶, 1.21 %⁵

  Cervical insufficiency

12.7 %

2.9 %

1.32 %⁵

  Urinary stasis and urinary tract infections

7.9 %

0 %

0.1 %¹, 0.34 %⁵

  Placental insufficiency

6.3 %

0 %

0.78 %⁵

  Hyperemesis gravidarum

3.2 %

5.7 %

0.29 %⁵, 0.8 %⁷

  Gestational hypertension

1.6 %

0 %

1.33 %⁵

  Intrauterine growth restriction

3.2 %

0 %

  Imminent abortion

0 %

2.9 %

Birthweight (g)

3202.14

± 544.50

3517.57

± 485.33

-2.85

.005

3,457 (± 497)⁶

Low birthweight (LBW) (≤ 2,500 g)

11.1 %

0 %

4.19

.041

4.3 %³, 7.03 %⁵

Umbilical cord pH

7.27 ± 0.08

7.27 ± 0.06

− 0.18

0.859

Mode of delivery

1.34

0.512

  Spontaneous

71.4 %

62.9 %

68.02 %⁵

  Cesarean section

23.8 %

34.3 %

24.70 %⁵

  Instrumental vaginal

4.8 %

2.9 %

7.21 %⁵