|
Demographic factor
|
|
Age, years (ref: 15–45)
|
|
46–59
|
1.43***
|
(1.29,1.58)
|
0.34***
|
(0.28,0.40)
|
0.80***
|
(0.68,0.95)
|
4.92***
|
(4.27,5.68)
|
|
≥ 60
|
1.43***
|
(1.25,1.64)
|
0.25***
|
(0.19,0.33)
|
0.58***
|
(0.45,0.75)
|
5.40***
|
(4.52,6.45)
|
|
Sex (ref: male)
|
|
Female
|
0.02***
|
(0.01,0.02)
|
0.18***
|
(0.01,0.02)
|
0.01***
|
(0.01,0.02)
|
0.01***
|
(0.01,0.02)
|
|
Number of siblings (ref: 1 or 2)
|
|
3 or 4
|
0.99
|
(0.90,1.09)
|
0.84*
|
(0.70,1.01)
|
1.04
|
(0.88,1.24)
|
1.05
|
(0.93,1.17)
|
|
≥ 5
|
1.02
|
(0.91,1.11)
|
1.07
|
(0.90,1.30)
|
0.86
|
(0.71,1.04)
|
0.92
|
(0.81,1.03)
|
|
Marital status (ref: unmarried)
|
|
Married
|
2.56***
|
(2.21,2.97)
|
1.24**
|
(1.03,1.50)
|
10.07***
|
(6.01,15.58)
|
4.53***
|
(3.41,6.03)
|
|
Divorced/widowed/other
|
3.27***
|
(2.64,4.04)
|
1.77***
|
(1.24,2.53)
|
12.41***
|
(7.40,20.84)
|
5.13***
|
(3.69,7.13)
|
|
Place of residence (ref: urban)
|
|
Rural
|
0.70***
|
(0.64,0.77)
|
0.78***
|
(0.67,0.90)
|
0.64***
|
(0.54,0.75)
|
0.70***
|
(0.62,0.79)
|
|
Social health insurance (ref: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.70***
|
(0.57,0.86)
|
0.58***
|
(0.43,0.77)
|
0.72*
|
(0.51,1.02)
|
0.70**
|
(0.53,0.92)
|
|
Socioeconomic status
|
|
Income (ref: very low)
|
|
Low
|
1.02
|
(0.90,1.15)
|
1.03
|
(0.84,1.28)
|
0.99
|
(0.79,1.23)
|
1.02
|
(0.88,1.18)
|
|
Middle
|
1.02
|
(0.90,1.16)
|
1.04
|
(0.83,1.29)
|
0.89
|
(0.71,1.13)
|
1.03
|
(0.88,1.20)
|
|
High
|
1.06
|
(0.93,1.21)
|
0.96
|
(0.77,1.20)
|
1.06
|
(0.84,1.33)
|
1.1
|
(0.94,1.29)
|
|
Very high
|
1.18**
|
(1.02,1.40)
|
1
|
(0.78,1.27)
|
1.26*
|
(0.98,1.62)
|
1.28***
|
(1.07,1.53)
|
|
Education (ref: primary school)
|
|
Junior school
|
0.85***
|
(0.77,0.94)
|
1.03
|
(0.84,1.26)
|
1.19*
|
(0.99,1.44)
|
0.83***
|
(0.74,0.93)
|
|
High school
|
0.68***
|
(0.60,0.77)
|
1.11
|
(0.89,1.39)
|
0.80**
|
(0.63,1.00)
|
0.56***
|
(0.48,0.65)
|
|
University or higher
|
0.30***
|
(0.25,0.36)
|
0.55***
|
(0.42,0.72)
|
0.24***
|
(0.17,0.33)
|
0.18***
|
(0.14,0.23)
|
|
Employment status (ref: employed)
|
|
Retired
|
0.49***
|
(0.43,0.57)
|
0.52***
|
(0.38,0.72)
|
0.48***
|
(0.36,0.64)
|
0.54***
|
(0.46,0.64)
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.51***
|
(0.42,0.63)
|
0.33***
|
(0.23,0.48)
|
0.57***
|
(0.39,0.83)
|
0.60***
|
(0.46,0.77)
|
|
Type of occupation (ref: unskilled labor)
|
|
Skilled labor
|
0.83***
|
(0.75,0.92)
|
0.87*
|
(0.74,1.02)
|
0.80**
|
(0.67,0.96)
|
0.87*
|
(0.76,1.00)
|
|
Unemployed or other
|
1.03
|
(0.85,1.24)
|
0.82
|
(0.61,1.10)
|
1.04
|
(0.76,1.46)
|
1.16
|
(0.93,1.46)
|
|
Poor or low-security household (ref: no)
|
|
Yes
|
1.05
|
(0.86,1.29)
|
0.89
|
(0.61,1.30)
|
0.83
|
(0.55,1.25)
|
1.21+
|
(0.96,1.53)
|
|
Health-related factor
|
|
Chronic disease (ref: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.94
|
(0.86,1.03)
|
0.93
|
(0.77,1.11)
|
1.02
|
(0.86,1.21)
|
0.95
|
(0.85,1.06)
|
|
Multiple chronic diseases (ref: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.78***
|
(0.67,0.92)
|
0.99
|
(0.71,1.38)
|
0.83
|
(0.61,1.11)
|
0.75***
|
(0.63,0.90)
|
|
EQ-5D (ref: complete health)
|
|
Incomplete health
|
0.81***
|
(0.72,0.91)
|
0.98
|
(0.78,1.23)
|
0.94
|
(0.76,1.16)
|
0.75***
|
(0.65,0.85)
|
|
Health status (ref: excellent)
|
|
Poor (0–40)
|
0.57***
|
(0.39,0.82)
|
0.81
|
(0.39,1.70)
|
0.56
|
(0.27,1.16)
|
0.49***
|
(0.32,0.77)
|
|
Moderate (41–60)
|
0.95
|
(0.81,1.09)
|
1
|
(0.74,1.35)
|
0.96
|
(0.73,1.27)
|
0.93
|
(0.78,1.11)
|
|
Good (41–80)
|
1.08
|
(0.99,1.17)
|
1.01
|
(0.88,1.16)
|
0.9
|
(0.78,1.05)
|
1.15***
|
(1.03,1.27)
|
|
Physical examination (ref: no)
|
|
Yes
|
0.91**
|
(0.84,0.98)
|
1
|
(0.88,1.13)
|
0.92
|
(0.80,1.06)
|
0.90**
|
(0.81,0.99)
|
|
Physical exercise, no. of times per week (ref: ≥6)
|
|
0
|
1.35***
|
(1.21,1.50)
|
1.12
|
(0.94,1.34)
|
1.24**
|
(1.02,1.50)
|
1.47***
|
(1.29,1.68)
|
|
1 or 2
|
1.24**
|
(1.05,1.46)
|
1.05
|
(0.82,1.35)
|
1.31*
|
(0.99,1.73)
|
1.25**
|
(1.00,1.56)
|
|
3–5
|
0.94
|
(0.81,1.10)
|
0.87
|
(0.68,1.11)
|
0.97
|
(0.74,1.27)
|
0.94
|
(0.77,1.14)
|
|
Wave (ref: 2008)
|
|
2013
|
1.09
|
(0.98,1.21)
|
3.29***
|
(2.67,4.04)
|
1.40***
|
(1.14,1.71)
|
0.62***
|
(0.55,0.71)
|
|
2018
|
0.98
|
(0.88,1.10)
|
3.10***
|
(2.52,3.83)
|
1.33***
|
(1.08,1.63)
|
0.52***
|
(0.46,0.60)
|
