Table 3 Subgroup analysis of a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between HL and mortality from 2006 to 2020
From: Association between health literacy and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Subgroup | No. of studies | HR(95%CI) | P | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 19 | 1.25 (1.15–1.35) | < 0.001 | 78.5% |
Population | ||||
Elderly | 7 | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | < 0.001 | 80.6% |
Heart failure | 6 | 1.37 (1.14–1.65) | 0.036 | 57.9% |
Design | ||||
Prospective | 11 | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | < 0.001 | 78.1% |
Retrospective | 8 | 1.30 (1.12–1.50) | 0.012 | 61.3% |
Location | ||||
USA | 13 | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | < 0.001 | 84.3% |
UK | 4 | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.167 | 40.7% |
Time | ||||
Before 2016.12 | 9 | 1.40 (1.22–1.61) | 0.008 | 43.2% |
After 2017.1 | 10 | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | < 0.001 | 71.7% |
HL questionnaire | ||||
Model 1 | ||||
S-TOFHLA* | 5 | 1.38 (1.05–1.83) | < 0.001 | 86.9% |
BHLS | 5 | 1.36 (1.05–1.77) | 0.017 | 66.6% |
REALM | 2 | 1.66 (1.28–2.14) | 0.585 | 0.0% |
NVS | 1 | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | – | – |
Others | 6 | 1.14 (1.00–1.31) | 0.051 | 54.6% |
Model 2 | ||||
S-TOFHLA | 4 | 1.52 (1.23–1.89) | 0.126 | 47.5% |
BHLS | 5 | 1.36 (1.05–1.77) | 0.017 | 66.6% |
REALM* | 3 | 1.35 (0.89–2.03) | 0.001 | 85.9% |
NVS | 1 | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | – | – |
Others | 6 | 1.14 (1.00–1.31) | 0.051 | 54.6% |
Model 3 | ||||
S-TOFHLA | 4 | 1.52 (1.23–1.89) | 0.126 | 47.5% |
BHLS | 5 | 1.36 (1.05–1.77) | 0.017 | 66.6% |
REALM | 2 | 1.66 (1.28–2.14) | 0.585 | 0.0% |
NVS* | 2 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 0.182 | 43.7% |
Others | 6 | 1.14 (1.00–1.31) | 0.051 | 54.6% |
Model 4 | ||||
S-TOFHLA | 4 | 1.52 (1.23–1.89) | 0.126 | 47.5% |
BHLS | 5 | 1.36 (1.05–1.77) | 0.017 | 66.6% |
REALM | 2 | 1.66 (1.28–2.14) | 0.585 | 0.0% |
NVS | 1 | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | – | – |
Others* | 7 | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 0.082 | 46.5% |