Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis result of both individual and community-level factors associated with iron supplementation among pregnant women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016
Variables | Null model | Model II AOR(95%CI) | Model III AOR(95%CI) | Model IV AOR(95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
 15–19 |  | 1.09 [0.67–1.75] |  | 1.19 [0.74–1.91] |
 20–24 |  | 1.17 [0.78–1.76] |  | 1.22 [0.82–1.84] |
 25–29 |  | 1.10 [0.75–1.63] |  | 1.17 [0.79–1.72] |
 30–34 |  | 0.96 [0.65–1.42] |  | 1.00 [0.68–1.48] |
 35–39 |  | 0.86 [0.58–1.28] |  | 0.86 [0.58–1.28] |
 40–44 |  | 0.69 [0.45–1.07] |  | 0.68 [0.44–1.05] |
 45–49 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Education | ||||
 No education |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Primary |  | 1.26[1.09–1.46] |  | 1.24 [1.07–1.44]** |
 Secondary |  | 1.29[1.01–1.65] |  | 1.27 [0.99–1.63] |
 Higher |  | 1.56[1.12–2.18] |  | 1.59 [1.14–2.21]** |
Residence | ||||
 Rural |  |  | 1 |  |
 Urban |  |  | 1.81 [1.42–2.33] | 1.20 [0.89–1.61] |
Region | ||||
 Somali |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Tigray |  |  | 9.18 [6.35–13.28] | 5.29 [3.68–7.59]** |
 Afar |  |  | 1.75 [1.22–2.51] | 1.61 [1.14–2.28]** |
 Amhara |  |  | 3.08 [2.19–4.33] | 2.04 [1.45–2.87]** |
 Oromia |  |  | 1.25 [0.89–1.75] | 0.80 [0.57–1.12] |
 Benishangul-Gumuz |  |  | 2.37 [1.62–3.46] | 1.35 [0.93–1.96] |
 SNNPR |  |  | 1.91 [1.35–2.71] | 1.10 [0.78–1.55]. |
 Gambelia |  |  | 1.02 [0.68–1.52] | 0.72 [0.49–1.06] |
 Harari |  |  | 2.10 [1.39–3.16] | 1.44 [0.97–2.16] |
 Addis Ababa |  |  | 1.92 [1.24–2.96] | 0.83 [0.54–1.28] |
 Dire dawa |  |  | 2.95 [1.94–4.48] | 1.52 [1.02–2.29]* |
Wealth index | ||||
 Poorest |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Poorer |  | 1.42 [1.18–170] |  | 1..37 [1.14–1.68]** |
 Middle |  | 1.36 [1.11–1.66] |  | 1.30 [1.07–1.63]** |
 Richer |  | 1.41 [1.14–1.75] |  | 1.37 [1.10–1.70]** |
 Richest |  | 1.40 [1.11–1.77] |  | 1.12 [0.84–1.49] |
Community women’s education | ||||
 Lower community education |  | 1 | 1 | |
 Higher community education |  | 1.61 [1.32–1.97] | 1.21 [0.99–1.48] | |
 Occupational status |  |  |  |  |
 Unemployed |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Employed |  | 1.18 [1.04–1.33] |  | 1.10 [0.97–1.25] |
Perception of the distance to a health facility | ||||
 A big problem |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Not a big problem |  |  | 1.43 [1.26–1.61] | 1.31 [1.15–1.49]** |
Parity | ||||
 primipara |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 multipara |  | 0.99 [0.83–1.19] |  | 1.02 [0.86–1.22] |
Family size | ||||
 1–4 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 5–9 |  | 1.00 [0.87–1.15] |  | 1.03 [0.89–1.18] |
 10+ |  | 1.01 [0.77–1.35] |  | 1.10 [0.84–1.44] |
ANC visit | ||||
 0–3 times |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 4 + times |  | 3.79 [3.32–4.31] |  | 3.59 [3.15–4.09]** |
Media exposure | ||||
 Not have exposure |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Have exposure |  | 1.34 [1.15–1.55] |  | 1.28 [1.11–1.49]** |
 Constant | 0.88 [0.80–98] | 0.29 [0.19–0.46] | 0.24 [0.18–0.31] | 0.17 [0.11–0.29] |
Model comparison and random effects | ||||
 ICC | 0.27 [0.24–31] |  |  |  |
 Log likelihood (LL) | − 4552.55 | − 4206.89 | − 4373.57 | − 4107.52 |
 Deviance | 9105.1 | 8413.78 | 8747.14 | 8215.04 |
 PCV | Ref | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.70 |
 MOR | 3.3(2.7,4.5) | 2.03(1.78,2.39) | 1.62(1.46,1.85) | 1.47(1.34,1.65) |