Table 1 Risk of bias/quality assessment of included studies using the Hoy 2012 tool
From: Breast self-examination practice among women in Africa: a systematic review and Meta-analysis
Study | Representation | Sampling | Random selection | Non response bias | Data collection | Case Definition | Reliability and validity of study tool | Method of data collection | Prevalence period | Numerator and denominator | Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birhane et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Obaji et al. | Low risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Onwere et al. | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Abay et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Minasie A et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Abdel Fattah, M et al. | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Abeje et al. | High risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Birhane K et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Carlson-Babila Sama et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Kasahun AF | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Dagne AH et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Dadzi R, Adam A | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Gwarzo, UMD et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Isara, A. R. and Ojedokun, C. I | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Segni, MT et al | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Azage M. et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Elshamy, Karima F et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Akhigbe, A. O. et al | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Nde et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Negeri et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Odusanya et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Ogunbode A M | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk |
Ossai EN et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Feleke D. et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Kayode F.O. et al. | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk |
Okobia, Michael N et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Getu et al. | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Shallo et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Suh et al | Low risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Ifediora, C. O., & Azuike, E. C. | High risk | Low risk | High risk | High Risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Ameer, K et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Agboola AOJ et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Amoran, O. E. and Toyobo, O. O | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Godfrey, Katende et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Bayumi E | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk |
Bellgam H.I. amd Buowari Y. D | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Boulos, Dina NK and Ghali, Ramy R | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
E. Kudzawuet al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Fondjo LA et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Idris SA et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk |
Kifle MM et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Morse EP et al | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Ndikubwimana J et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Obaikol R et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Ramathuba, Dorah U et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Ramson, Lombe Mumba | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Florence, Adeyemo O et al | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Yakubu AA et al | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Andegiorgishet al. | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Kimani, SM and Muthumbi, E | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Agbonifoh, Julia Adesua | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Casmir, Ebirim Chikere Ifeanyi et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Joel Olayiwola Faronbi | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Makanjuola, OJ et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Olowokere et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Sambo, MN et al | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |