Table 2 Crude and adjusted models for Independent variables for ever used toombak
From: Determinants of smokeless tobacco use and prevalence among Sudanese adolescents
Variable | Total n | Ever used toombak | Never used toombak | Crude OR (univariate) | Adjusted OR (multivariate) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR CI 95% | P-value | OR CI 95% | P-value | ||||
City | |||||||
Khartoum | 926 | 63 (2) | 863 (29.9) | 1.08 (0.73–1.61) | < 0.003 | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) | < 0.034 |
Omdurman | 1526 | 111 (3) | 1415 (37.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
Bahri | 873 | 98 (2.5) | 775 (24.7) | 1.82 (1.27–2.63) | 1.58 (1.11–2.25) | ||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 1576 | 189 (4.7) | 1387 (37.9) | 2.30 (1.65–3.22) | < 0.001 | 1.53 (1.03–2.28) | < 0.032 |
Female | 1749 | 83 (2.9) | 1666 (54.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
Grade | |||||||
Ist | 1081 | 64 (1.6) | 1017 (29.6) | Ref | < 0.024 | Ref | < 0.232 |
2nd | 942 | 75 (1.9) | 867 (21.6) | 1.49 (0.99–2.24) | 1.29 (0.83–2.00) | ||
3rd | 1302 | 133 (4.1) | 1169 (41.3) | 1.66 (1.14–2.41) | 1.40 (0.94–2.08) | ||
Family structure | |||||||
Father and mother | 2576 | 198 (5.3) | 2378 (72.9) | Ref | < 0.010 | Ref | < 0.032 |
Others | 733 | 74 (2.3) | 659 (19.5) | 1.60 (1.11–2.30) | 1.52 (1.03–2.23) | ||
Exposure to second-hand smoke at home | |||||||
Yes | 807 | 106 (2.9) | 701 (21.2) | 1.60 (1.06–2.42) | < 0.024 | 1.60 (1.11–2.31) | < 0.010 |
No | 2506 | 166 (4.7) | 2340 (71.3) | Ref | Ref | ||
Seeing someone smoke in school | |||||||
Yes | 673 | 101 (2.7) | 572 (17.9) | 1.46 (1.01–2.11) | < 0.041 | 1.40 (0.97–2.02) | < 0.065 |
No | 2632 | 170 (4.9) | 2462 (74.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
Friends smoking cigarette | |||||||
Yes | 977 | 154 (4.3) | 823 (24.7) | 1.80 (1.12–2.89) | < 0.014 | 1.78 (1.22–2.60) | < 0.003 |
No | 2334 | 117 (3.3) | 2217 (67.7) | Ref | Ref | ||
Restriction of selling toombak to minors | |||||||
Yes | 93 | 14 (0.4) | 79 (2.1) | 1.12 (0.34–3.73) | < 0.015 | 1.20 (0.39–3.71) | < 0.004 |
No | 903 | 107 (2.9) | 796 (23.3) | 1.63 (1.17–2.28) | 1.73 (1.25–2.39) | ||
I did not try to buy | 2240 | 140 (4.2) | 2100 (67.1) | Ref | Ref | ||
Received free toombak from companies | |||||||
Yes | 179 | 45 (1.2) | 134 (3.5) | 2.26 (1.26–4.07) | < 0.006 | 2.12 (1.20–3.72) | < 0.009 |
No | 3056 | 217 (6.3) | 2839 (89) | Ref | Ref | ||
Low self-efficacy (Peer pressure for using toombak) | |||||||
Yes | 116 | 63 (1.5) | 53 (1.6) | 7.32 (4.25–12.62) | < 0.001 | 7.47 (4.45–12.52) | < 0.001 |
No | 3145 | 200 (6) | 2945 (90.9) | Ref | Ref | ||