Factors influencing the uptake of intermittent preventive treatment among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis

Darteh, Eugene Kofuor Maafo; Dickson, Kwamena Sekyi; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Owusu, Bernard Afriyie; Okyere, Joshua; Salihu, Tarif; Bio Bediako, Vincent; Budu, Eugene; Agbemavi, Wonder; Edjah, Jane Odurowaah; Seidu, Abdul-Aziz

doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00707-z

Archives of Public Health

Table 2 Multi-level regression analysis on predictors of optimal IPTp-SP in last pregnancy among women in sub-Saharan Africa

From: Factors influencing the uptake of intermittent preventive treatment among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis

Variables	Model 0	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Variables	Model 0	aOR[95%CI]	aOR[95%CI]	aOR[95%CI]
Individual level factors
Age
15–19		[1.00,1.00]		[1.00,1.00]
20–24		1.09*[1.01,1.18]		1.03 [0.95,1.13]
25–29		1.12**[1.03,1.22]		1.049 [0.96,1.15]
30–34		1.15** [1.05,1.26]		1.075 [0.98,1.18]
35–39		1.21***[1.09,1.33]		1.100 [0.99,1.22]
40–44		1.25***[1.12,1.41]		1.147*[1.01,1.30]
45–49		1.171 [1.00,1.38]		1.105 [0.93,1.31]
Education
No formal education		[1.00,1.00]		[1.00,1.00]
Primary		0.90***[0.85,0.94]		1.07* [1.01,1.13]
Secondary/Higher		1.00 [0.94,1.06]		1.12**[1.04,1.20]
Parity
1 to 3		1.11***[1.05,1.17]		1.11***[1.04,1.17]
4 or more		Ref		Ref
Exposure to malaria information on Radio
No		[1.00,1.00]		[1.00,1.00]
Yes		1.03 [0.99,1.08]		1.068**[1.02,1.12]
Exposure to malaria information on TV
No		[1.00,1.00]		[1.00,1.00]
Yes		1.174***[1.11,1.24]		1.128*** [1.05,1.21]
Contextual factors
Place of Residence
Urban			[1.00,1.00]	[1.00,1.00]
Rural			0.948 [0.89,1.01]	0.955 [0.90,1.02]
Wealth status
Poorest			[1.00,1.00]	[1.00,1.00]
Poorer			1.058 [0.99,1.13]	1.028 [0.96,1.10]
Middle			1.078*[1.01,1.15]	1.019 [0.95,1.09]
Richer			1.093*[1.02,1.17]	0.98 [0.91,1.06]
Richest			1.111*[1.02,1.21]	0.91 [0.82,1.01]
Sex of Household Head
Male			[1.00,1.00]	[1.00,1.00]
Female			0.981 [0.93,1.04]	0.98 [0.93,1.04]
Country
Burkina			0.821***[0.74,0.92]	0.921 [0.82,1.03]
Ghana			[1.00,1.00]	[1.00,1.00]
Kenya			0.193*** [0.17,0.22]	0.202***[0.18,0.23]
Liberia			0.207***[0.18,0.24	0.225***[0.20,0.26]
Madagascar			0.0719***[0.06,0.08]	0.0779*** [0.07,0.09]
Mali			0.180***[0.16,0.20]	0.196***[0.17,0.22]
Malawi			0.326*** [0.29,0.37]	0.363***[0.32,0.42]
Mozambique			0.510***[0.45,0.58]	0.557***[0.49,0.63]
Nigeria			0.182***[0.16,0.20]	0.192***[0.17,0.22]
Sierra Leone			0.294***[0.26,0.33]	0.327*** [0.29,0.37]
Tanzania			0.157*** [0.14,0.18]	0.171***[0.15,0.19]
Uganda			0.424*** [0.38,0.47]	0.458***[0.41,0.51]
Random effects
PSU variance (95% CI)	0.246 (0.19–0.31)	0.234 (0.19–0.30)	0.092 (0.07–0.12)	0.013 (0.07–0.12)
ICC	0.069	0.066	0.0273	0.0273
Wald chi-square and p-value	Ref	120.31	3839.66	3875.83
LR Test	490.76	470.73	219.04	218.29
Model fitness
Log-likelihood	−27,117.179	−27,057.15	−24,992.34	−24,966.9
AIC	54,238.36	54,140.3	50,022.68	49,993.79
PSU	584	584	584	584
N	43,961	43,961	43,961	43,961

Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
Model 0 is the null model, a baseline model without any determinant variable
Model 1 = Individual level variables
Model 2 = Community level variables
Model 3 is the final model adjusted for individual and household/community level variables
^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001, [1.00,1.00] = Ref; PSU Primary Sampling Unit, ICC Intra-Class Correlation, LR Test Likelihood ratio Test, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion

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