Bio-surveillance of environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a small pilot study

Bayebila Menanzambi, Trésor; Dufour, Patrice; Pirard, Catherine; Nsangu, Jean; Mufusama, Jean-Pierre; Mbinze Kindenge, Jérémie; Marini Djang’eing’a, Roland; Charlier, Corinne

doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00717-x

Archives of Public Health

Table 3 Pollutants median values (μg/L) measured in urine, blood and serum from different worldwide populations

From: Bio-surveillance of environmental pollutants in the population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): a small pilot study

Pollutant	matrix	Year of collection	Population	Median	Reference
*Arsenic*	Urine
		2012	Huelva (Spain), school children, N = 261	1.17	[22]
		2012–2013	Lubumbashi (DRC), pregnant women (control), N = 39	23.60^a	[23]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	70.90	Current study
*Cobalt*	Urine
		2009	Ath-Belgium, men population, N = 52	0.16 ^a	[24]
		2012–2013	Lubumbashi (DRC), pregnant women (control), N = 39	6.97 ^a	[23]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	0.43	Current study
*Cadmium*	Urine
		2009	Ath-Belgium, men population, N = 52	0.21 ^a	[24]
		2011–2012	Belgium, mother, N = 125	0.22	[7]
		2012	Huelva (Spain), school children, N = 261	0.29	[22]
		2012–2013	Lubumbashi (DRC), pregnant women (control), N = 39	0.60 ^a	[23]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	0.61	Current study
*Lead*	Blood
		2009	Ath-Belgium, men population, N = 52	31.70 ^a	[24]
		2011	Kinshasa (DRC), children 1–5 years, N = 100	86.00	[28]
		2012–2013	Lubumbashi (DRC), pregnant women (control), N = 39	50.80 ^a	[23]
		2015–2016	Beijing, maternal blood, N = 156	17.60	[27]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	53.60	Current study
*Glyphosate*	Urine
		2012	German, adult population, N = 40	0.11	[26]
		2017	Irish, adult population, N = 50	0.87	[25]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	0.23	Current study
*BP3*	Urine
		2011	Danish, mother, N = 145	3.70	[30]
		2012	Tunisia, women, N = 34	1.73	[32]
		2013	Belgium, adult population, N = 261	1.30	[20]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	5.00	Current study
*4,4’DDE*	Serum
		2010–2011	Bolivian, women agriculture, N = 24	9.34	[42]
		2012–2013	South-Africa, pregnant women, N = 733	1.75^b	[46]
		2013–2015	Lebanon, population, N = 314	0.13 ^b	[45]
		2015	Belgium, adult population (women), N = 124	0.41	[1]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	1.46	Current study
*PCB 153*	Serum
		2005–2007	Anniston Community (USA), African-American, N = 353	1.42 ^b	[47]
		2013–2015	Lebanon, population, N = 314	0.12 ^b	[45]
		2015	Belgium, adult population, N = 251	0.36	[1]
		2019	Kinshasa (DRC), population, N = 15	0.081	Current study

^ageometric mean
^bng /lipid weight concentrations converted to μg / L after multiplation by mean body lipid concentration (0.00735)

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