Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis results of both individual-level and community-level factors associated with modern contraceptive in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016
Individual-level and community-level characteristics | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | ||||
 Addis Ababa | – | – | 1 | 1 |
 Tigray | – | – | 2.08 [1.19,3.61] | 1.44 [0.83,2.47] |
 Afar | – | – | 0.33 [0.17,0.63] * | 0.66 [0.38,1.46] |
 Amhara |  | – | 4.94 [2.77, 8.81] ** | 5.02 [2.65,8.30] ** |
 Oromia | – | – | 1.35 [0.76,2.4] | 1.24 [0.63,1.93] |
 Somali | – | – | 0.044 [0.014,0.13] ** | 0.098 [0.04,0.43] ** |
 Benishangul | – | – | 2.05[1.12,3.76] | 1.91 [1.0,3.20] * |
 SNNPR | – | – | 2.76 [1.54,4.93] * | 1.85 [1.05,3.40] * |
 Gambella | – | – | 1.25 [0.70,2.24] | 1.20 [0.69,2.19] |
 Harari | – | – | 1.04[0.58,1.90] | 1.03 [0.59,1.93] |
 Diredawa | – | – | 0.89 [0.50,1.59] | 1.25 [0.77,2.41] |
Residence | ||||
 Rural | – | – | 1 | 1 |
 Urban | – | – | 2.94 [2.15,4.02] ** | 1.61 [1.16,2.45] ** |
Age | ||||
 15–19 | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 20–24 | – | 1.02 [0.78,1.3] | – | 0.95 [0.74,1.28] |
Respondent working | ||||
 No | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Yes | – | 1.34 [1.06,1.69] * | – | 1.36 [1.06,1.71] * |
Religion | ||||
 Muslim | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Orthodox | – | 4.77 [2.8,5.0] ** | – | 2.77 [2.00,3.38] ** |
 Protestant | – | 2.75 [1.6,3.1] ** | – | 1.94 [1.30, 2.89] ** |
 Others | – | 2.29 [0.59,8.81] |  | 1.92 [0.51,7.21] |
Marital status | ||||
 Single | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Married | – | 2.33 [1.56,3.5] ** | – | 2.01 [1.33,3.04] ** |
 Widowed | – | 0.67 [0.07,7.4] | – | 0.99 [0.08,11.96] |
 Divorced | – | 0.86 [0.49,1.52] | – | 0.72 [0.41,1.30] |
Educational status | ||||
 Secondary & higher | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Primary | – | 1.24 [0.95,1.63] | – | 1.19 [0.91,1.56] |
 No-education | – | 0.72 [0.55,1.15] | – | 0.80 [0.58,1.24] |
Wealth status | ||||
 Poor | – | 1 | – |  |
 Middle | – | 2.13 [1.5,3.0] ** | – | 1.90 [1.32,2.65] ** |
 Rich | – | 2.17 [1.6,2.94] ** | – | 1.99 [1.35,2.68] ** |
Age at first sex | ||||
  < 20 year | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 20–24 year | – | 1.02 [0.73,1.39] |  | 1.11 [0.79,1.51] |
HF visited last 12 month | ||||
 No | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Yes | – | 1.2 [0.95,1.47] |  | 1.18 [0.92,1.45] |
Parity | ||||
 No-birth | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 One birth | – | 2.56 [1.95,3.37] ** | – | 2.66 [2.06,3.60] ** |
 Two birth | – | 1.66 [1.12,2.48] * | – | 1.84 [1.28,2.90] * |
 Three or more | – | 1.57 [0.73,4.10] | – | 2.47 [1.06,6.35] * |
Abortion | ||||
 No | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Yes | – | 0.44 [0.26,0.77] * | – | 0.47 [0.26,0.80] * |
Husband desire for children |  |  | – |  |
 Both want same | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Husband want more | – | 0.56 [0.39,0.7] ** | – | 0.59 [0.41,0.78] * |
 Husband want fewer | – | 0.75 [0.421.35] | – | 0.73 [0.40,1.30] |
 Don’t know | – | 0.55 [0.4,0.73] ** | – | 0.50 [0.39,0.68] ** |
Radio exposure | ||||
 No | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Yes | – | 1.08 [0.84,1.39] | – | 1.07[0.84,1.38] |
Newspaper exposure | ||||
 No | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Yes | – | 1.0 [0.73,1.36] | – | 1.04[0.77,1.41] |
TV exposure | ||||
 No | – | 1 | – | 1 |
 Yes | – | 1.62 [1.21,2.16] * | – | 1.6[1.17,2.20] * |
Model comparison and random effect | ||||
 ICC | 0.327 [0.26,0.39] | – | – | – |
 Log-likelihood | − 1441.8 | − 1205 | − 1319.64 | − 1162.5 |
 Deviance | 2883.6 | 2410 | 2639.28 | 2325 |