Table 1 Characteristics of participants at baseline and follow-up (n = 88)

Age (years)

9.2

0.9

14.6

0.8

5.4

0.3

< 0.001

Height (cm)

137.4

7.3

166.4

8.4

29.0

5.1

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

32.3

7.4

56.6

11.5

24.3

6.6

< 0.001

BMI z-score

0.18

1.19

0.04

1.07

−0.14

0.69

0.074

Fat mass (%)

16.2

8.3

18.6

8.6

2.4

6.1

< 0.001

Fat mass index (kg/m²)

2.9

2.1

4.0

2.4

1.1

1.6

< 0.001

Visceral adipose tissue (cm²)

27.4

23.4

45.3

31.5

17.9

21.8

< 0.001

 Underweight (%)

2.3

1.1

−1.2

1.000

 Normal weight (%)

73.8

76.1

2.3

0.803

 Overweight (%)

14.8

20.5

5.7

0.359

 Obesity (%)

9.1

2.3

−6.8

0.041

 Total SB (min/day)

328.2

49.8

483.0

44.6

154.8

41.5

< 0.001

 LPA (min/day)

354.3

42.3

260.6

42.0

−93.7

39.4

< 0.001

 MPA (min/day)

41.1

42.4

28.6

38.0

−12.5

38.1

< 0.001

 VPA (min/day)

12.8

65.5

16.2

75.5

3.4

81.0

0.005

 SB short bouts (min/day)

195.4

22.9

209.7

22.7

14.3

22.8

< 0.001

 SB middle bouts (min/day)

101.5

28.6

181.3

24.4

79.8

27.7

< 0.001

 SB long bouts (min/day)

36.5

47.9

98.5

42.8

62.0

45.4

< 0.001

 LPA (min/day)

352.1

23.1

255.9

24.2

−96.2

24.7

< 0.001

 MPA (min/day)

39.6

27.6

28.2

26.7

−11.4

27.1

< 0.001

 VPA (min/day)

11.3

49.9

14.8

59.2

3.5

52.3

0.868