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Table 6 Association between domestic violence and subjective social isolation by means of crude and adjusted& OR (95% CI), stratified by the second and sixth COVID-19 Health Survey, Belgium 2020–2021

From: Domestic violence during the COVID-19 confinement: do victims feel more socially isolated?

Domestic violence

Second survey (April 2020)

Sixth survey (March 2021)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Satisfied with social contacts

 (Rather) unsatisfied

1.43 (1.24–1.66)***

1.25 (1.08–1.44)*

1.51 (1.26–2.80)***

1.30 (1.08–1.56)*

 (Rather) satisfied

1

1

1

1

Perceived quality of social support

 Weak support

2.52 (2.20–2.87)***

2.26 (1.97–2.58)***

2.79 (2.37–3.27)***

2.41 (2.04–2.84)***

 Moderate/strong support

1

1

1

1

Confidence in health care services

 Very confident

1

1

–

–

 Less confident

1.59 (1.30–1.96)***

1.38 (1.13–1.71)*

–

–

Social loneliness

 Not lonely

–

–

1

1

 Lonely

–

–

2.98 (2.96–3.00)***

2.64 (2.23–3.13)***

Emotional loneliness

 Not lonely

–

–

1

1

 Lonely

–

–

2.64 (2.16–3.24)***

2.22 (1.80–2.73)***

  1. &: controlled for the covariates
  2. *: p < .05
  3. **: p < .001
  4. ***: p < .0001