Table 2 Multilevel logistic regression analysis of both individual and community-level factors associated with non-contraceptive utilization in Ethiopia, 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Maternal age (years)

 15–24

1

1

 25–34

0.50(0.45,0.57)***

0.54(0.47,0.61)***

 35–49

0.58(0.51,0.65)***

0.62(0.55,0.71)***

Partner age(years)

 15–24

1

1

 25–34

0.75(0.56,0.99)*

0.76(0.57,1.01)

 35–59

0.77(0.58,1.02)

0.79(0.61,1.05)

Marital status

 Never married

1

1

 Married

1.00(0.87,1.16)

0.99(0.86,1.15)

Maternal education

 No education

1

1

 Primary

0.69(0.61,0.78)***

0.77(0.68,0.87)***

 Secondary and above

0.71(0.61,0.83)***

0.88(0.75,1.03)***

Partner education

 No education

1

1

 Primary

0.91(0.78,1.04)

0.91(0.78,1.04)

 Secondary and above

0.84(0.73,0.97)*

0.84(0.72,0.96)**

Maternal occupation

 Had no work

1

1

 Had work

1.02(0.93,1.13)

1.03(0.93,1.13)

Partner occupation

 Had no work

1

1

 Had work

1.13(0.93,1.38)

1.14(0.94,1.39)

Wealth index

 Poor

1

1

 Middle

0.59(0.52,0.69)***

0.66(0.58,0.76)***

 Rich

0.68(0.59,0.78)***

0.74(0.65,0.85)***

Religion

 Christians

1

1

 Muslim

1.38(1.21,1.64)***

1.43 (1.23,1.62)***

 Other

1.01(0.95,1.22)

1.07(0.95,1.22)

Births in last five years

 No birth

1

1

  1–2

0.23(0.19,0.24)***

0.21(0.19,0.23)***

  3 and more

0.52(0.34,0.67)***

0.37(0.28,0.56)***

Health facility delivery

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.85(0.74,0.99)*

0.84(0.73,0.98)*

Accessing Health Care

 Big problem

1

1

 No-big problem

0.90(0.81,1.02)

0.91(0.82,1.02)

Desire for more children

 Wants within 2 years

1

1

 Wants after 2 + years

1.08(0.95,1.23)

1.09(0.95,1.24)

 Unsure timing/ undecided

1.15(0.98,1.35)

1.15(0.98,1.35)

 Wants no more/ Sterilized/infecund

1.09(0.95,1.25)

1.11(0.96,1.34)

Watched family planning on TV last few months

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.75(0.66,0.86)***

0.74(0.65,0.85)***

Heard family planning on radio last few months

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.89(0.79,1.01)

0.91(0.80,1.02)

Read family planning in newspaper/magazine last few months

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.91(0.75,1.09)

0.89(0.75,1.09)

ANC visit

 No

1

1

 Yes

1.24(1.05,1.46)*

1.25(1.07,1.47)*

Community level variable

 Region

  Tigray

1

1

  Afar

5.56(3.73,8.30)***

6.75(4.28,10.66)***

  Amhara

0.53(0.39,0.70)***

0.48(0.38,0.67)***

  Oromia

1.11(0.83,1.49)

1.32(0.94,1.83)

  Somalia

34.85(19.37,62.71)***

47.24(24.99,88.33)***

  Benishangul

1.12(0.80,1.55)

1.12(0.0.77,1.63)

  SNNPR

0.78(0.58,1.05)

0.88(0.63,1.23)

  Gambela

1.53(1.08,2.15)*

1.85(1.25,2.73)*

  Harari

1.75(1.23,2.49)**

2.26(1.50,3.39)***

  Addis Ababa

1.98(1.41,2.78)***

2.13(1.44,3.15)***

  Dire Dawa

2.28(1.59,3.26)***

2.67(1.8,4.02)***

 Residence

  Urban

1

1

  Rural

2.27(1.87,2.77)***

3.43(2.72,4.32)***

 Random effects

  Community variance(SE)

1.12(0.103)

1.44(0.14)

0.49(0.05)

0.69(0.07)

  ICC (%)

25.41

30.47

13.15

17.38

  PVC (%)

1.00

-28.56

55.36

37.50

  MOR

2.73

3.13

1.96

2.21

  -2*LL(DIC)

14,972.34

13,461.57

14,517.62

13,003.49

  AIC

14,976.34

13,517.57

14,543.62

13,081.49

BIC

14,991.67

13,732.06

14,643.20

13,380.25