An examination of the medicalization and pharmaceuticalization processes of anxiety and depressive disorders in Belgium between 2004 and 2013: how may both disorders be intertwined?

Kilian, Van Looy; de Velde Sarah, Van

doi:10.1186/s13690-022-00943-x

Archives of Public Health

Table 1 Multinomial logistic regression results for association between feelings of anxiety and depression and the use of psycholeptics (outcome 1), psychoanaleptics (outcome 2), and both psycholeptic and psychoanaleptic medication (outcome 3), in reference to use of neither psycholeptics nor psychoanaleptics. Own calculations via the Belgian Health Interview Survey, 2004–2013

From: An examination of the medicalization and pharmaceuticalization processes of anxiety and depressive disorders in Belgium between 2004 and 2013: how may both disorders be intertwined?

	Outcome (1): use of psycholeptic medication (N05)
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Multinomial logistic regression results	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.
Intercept	0.015	***		0.002	***		0.001	***
Waves (ref. 2008)
2004	1.064		0.887, 1.276	1.103		0.897, 1.357	1.470		0.848, 2.550
2013	0.711	**	0.584, 0.866	0.571	***	0.451, 0.724	0.942		0.159, 1.710
Anxiety or depression feelings
Anxiety				2.129	***	1.679, 2.701	2.070	**	1.358, 3.154
Depression				1.668	***	1.342, 2.073	2.033	***	1.399, 2.954
Wave (2008 = ref)*anxiety
2004*anxiety							1.103		0.627, 1.943
2013*anxiety							1.019		0.557, 1.865
Wave(2008 = ref)*depression
2004*depression							0.770		0.461, 1.286
2013*depression							0.728		0.418, 1.268
Social correlates
Female gender (ref. male)	1.479	***	1.264, 1.727	1.258	*	1.047, 1.511	1.257	*	1.046, 1.510
Age	1.052	*	1.007, 1.100	1.059	*	1.006, 1.114	1.060	*	1.007, 1.116
Age²	1.000		0.999, 1.000	1.000		0.999, 1.000	1.000		0.999, 1.000
	Outcome 2: use of psychoanaleptic medication (N06)
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Multinomial logistic regression results	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.
Intercept	0.007	***		0,001	***		0.001	***
Waves (ref. 2008)
2004	0.942		0.748, 1.187	0.950		0.738, 1.223	1.160		0.600, 2.243
2013	1.073		0.860, 1.338	0.434		0.703, 1.163	1.579		0.837, 2.980
Anxiety or depression feelings
Anxiety				1.358	*	1.038, 1.777	1.227		0.757, 1.988
Depression				2.069	***	1.630, 2.626	2.682	***	1.778, 4.045
Wave (2008 = ref)*anxiety
2004*anxiety							1.145		0.580, 2.259
2013*anxiety							0.122		0.635, 2.336
Wave(2008 = ref)*depression
2004*depression							0.787		0.435, 1.426
2013*depression							0.605		0.341, 1.073
Social correlates
Female gender (ref. male)	1.932	***	1.608, 2.322	1.522	***	1.235, 1.876	1.519	***	1.232, 1.872
Age	1.109	***	1.057, 1.164	1.135	***	1.073, 1.200	1.137	***	1.075, 1.202
Age²	0.999	***	0.998, 0.999	0.999	***	0.998, 0.999	0.999	***	0.998, 0.999
	Outcome 3: use of both psycholeptic and psychoanaleptic (N05 + N06)
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Multinomial logistic regression results	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.	OR	Sig.	95% C.I.
Intercept	0.0004	***		0.00002	***		0.00002	***
Waves (ref. 2008)
2004	0.984		0.781, 1.238	1.073		0.816, 1.412	0.874		0.437, 1.751
2013	0.747	*	0.588, 0.950	0.561	***	0.415, 0.758	0.743		0.351, 1.573
Anxiety or depression feelings
Anxiety				1.958	***	1.503, 2.550	2.106	***	1.311, 3.385
Depression				2.577	***	2.021, 3.285	2.526	***	1.651, 3.867
Wave (2008 = ref)*anxiety
2004*anxiety							0.950		0.501, 1.802
2013*anxiety							0.855		0.442, 1.656
Wave(2008 = ref)*depression
2004*depression							1.135		0.633, 2.033
2013*depression							0.962		0.522, 1.774
Social correlates
Female gender (ref. male)	2.835	***	2.336, 3.441	2.033	***	1.605, 2.576	2.028	***	1.600, 2.570
Age	1.201	***	1.132, 1.274	1.204	***	1.120, 1.295	1.206	***	1.121, 1.297
Age²	0.998	***	0.998, 0.999	0.999	***	0.998, 0.999	0.999	***	0.998, 0.999
Nagelkerke R-squared	0.057			0.192			0.194
Loglikelihood	2888.431	***		7686.289	***		7676.496	***

* p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001; n = 7214

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