Table 4 Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for maternal health insurance, healthcare services utilisation and covariates associated with U-5 M, NDHS 2018

Health insurance coverage

 No (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.62(0.46–0.88)**

0.75(0.54–1.04)*

0.66(0.42–1.02)*

Healthcare service utilization

 Inadequate (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Adequate

0.56(0.51–0.62)***

0.73(0.66–0.81)***

0.78(0.68–0.90)**

Distance to the health facility

 Big problem (Ref.)

–

1.00

 Not a problem

–

0.81(0.72–0.86)**

 Husband/partner and other (Ref.)

–

1.00

 Jointly

–

0.97(0.84–1.11)

 Alone

–

0.82(0.66–1.01)

 Husband/partner and other (Ref.)

–

1.00

 Jointly

–

0.91(0.71–1.17)

 Alone

–

1.17(0.98–1.41)

Maternal age (years)

 15–24 (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

 25–34

0.87(0.78–0.98)*

0.93(0.78–1.12)

 35–49

0.93(0.82–1.05)

1.06(0.88–1.27)

Marital status

 Never in union (Ref.)

1.00

–

 Married/living with partner

1.11(0.76–1.59)

–

 Widowed/divorced/separated

1.37(0.88–2.13)

–

Mother’s educational attainment

 No education (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

 Primary

0.88(0.76–1.03)

1.04(0.81–1.33)

 Secondary or higher

0.74(0.63–0.86)***

0.96(0.80–1.16)

Mother’s employment status

 Not working (Ref.)

1.00

–

 Currently working

1.04(0.94–1.15)

–

Wealth quintile

 Poor (Ref.)

1.00

1.00

 Middle

0.92(0.79–1.06)

0.90(0.76–1.07)

 Rich

0.70(0.60–0.81)***

0.68(0.55–0.84)***

Place of residence

 Urban (Ref.)

–

1.00

 Rural

–

1.03(0.88–1.21)

Region

 North-central (Ref.)

–

1.00

 North-east

–

0.95(0.76–1.19)

 North-west

–

1.24(1.01–1.51)*

 South-east

–

0.88(0.68–1.15)

 South-south

–

0.84(0.62–1.15)

 South-west

–

0.77(0.60–0.99)*