Table 1 Sociodemographic and other health-related characteristics of study participants included in the analysis: Gambian demographic and health survey, 2019–20 (n = 5,858)

Age

 15–24

1,352.60

1,020.77

2,373.37(40.51)

 25–35

1,176.58

915.68

2,092.27(35.72)

 36–49

734.91

657.59

1,392.51(23.77)

Religion

 Muslim

3,156.23

2,521.36

5,677.58(96.92)

 Christian

104.61

72.68

177.28(3.03)

 Others

3.27

0

3.27(0.06)

The highest educational level of mothers

 No-formal education

988.48

1,034.08

2,022.56(34.53)

 Primary

507.84

435.96

943.81(16.11)

 Secondary

1,527.81

976.67

2,504.48(42.75)

 Higher

239.97

147.33

387.29(6.61)

Marital status of mothers

 Single

1,272.38

815.31

2,087.69(35.64)

 Married

1,991.72

1,778.73

3,770.45(64.36)

Ethnicity

 Mandinka/jahanka

1,054.51

872.63

1,927.15(32.90)

 Wollof

415.23

327.81

743.03(12.68)

 Jola/karoninka

443.86

210.94

654.80(11.18)

 Fula/tukulur/lorobo

550.03

525.62

1,075.65(18.36)

 Serere

145.07

80.85

225.93 (3.86)

 Sarahule

229.41

234.13

463.53(7.91)

 creole/aku /marabout

18.13

9.65

27.77(0.47)

 Ninjago

35.86

30.42

66.28 (1.13)

 Bambara

38.51

36.37

74.88(1.28)

 Non-Gambian

303.84

251.92

555.76(9.49)

 Other

29.65

13.71

43.36(0.74)

Occupation status of participants

No working

1,338.38

1,021.21

2,359.58(40.28)

 Farmer

418.99

550.47

969.47(16.55)

 Salaried worker

213.63

115.99

329.63(5.63)

 Sales and trades

1,128.09

816.42

1,944.51(33.19)

 Others

164.99

89.95

254.94 (4.35)

Wealth Index

 Poorest

428.09

547.95

976.05(16.66)

 Poorer

507.22

503.58

1,010.81(17.25)

 Middle

656.89

514.74

1,171.63(20.00)

 Richer

698.32

530.93

1,229.25(20.98)

 Richest

973.56

496.84

1,470.41(25.10)

Body mass index^a

  < 18.5

299.85

262.51

562.36(14.22)

 18.5–24.9

1,085.91

861.01

1,946.93(49.24)

 25–29.9

516.90

359.71

876.61(22.17)

  =  > 30

369.85

198.32

568.17(14.37)

Current use of contraceptive

 Yes

468.14

268.15

736.29(12.57)

 No

2,795.96

2,325.89

5,121.85(87.43)

Iron folate intake during pregnancy

 Yes

1,420.75

1,222.26

2,643.01(45.12)

 No/don’t know

1,843.35

1,371.78

3,215.14(54.88)

Children ever born/Gravidity

 0

1,218.51

869.33

2,087.84(35.64)

 1–3

1,076.94

817.23

1,894.17(32.33)

  >  = 4

968.65

907.48

1,876.14(32.03)

Children born in the last three years

 0

2,154.83

1,612.31

3,767.14(64.31)

 1

954.29

834.04

1,788.34(30.53)

 1 + 

154.97

147.68

302.66(5.17)

Currently breastfeeding

 Yes

729.18

634.31

1,363.48(23.28)

 No

2,534.92

1,959.74

4,494.66(76.72)

Currently pregnant

 Yes

199.19

241.51

440.70(7.52)

 No

3,064.91

2,352.54

5,417.44(92.48)

Ever tested for HIV

 Yes

1,373.49

1,083.53

2,457.02(41.94)

 No

1,890.61

1,510.52

3,401.13(58.06)

Source of drinking water

 Improved water

2,941.07

2,359.87

5,300.94 (93.95)

 Unimproved water

198.09

143.51

341.60 (6.05)

Type of toilet facility

 Unimproved

808.66

867.12

1,675.77(29.70)

 Improved

2,330.49

1,636.26

3,966.76(70.30)

Anemia status

 Severe anaemia

0

70.12

70.12 (1.20)

 Moderate anemia

0

1,012.55

1,012.55(17.28)

 Mild anemia

0

1,511.37

1,511.37(25.80)

 No anaemia

3,264.10

0

3,264.10 (55.72)

Ever use of ANC

 Never

1,814.793

1,355.377

3,170.17 (54.12)

 Yes

1,449.311

1,238.668

2,687.978 (45.88)