Table 3 Individual and community-level factors associated with anaemia among reproductive-age women in Gambia (n = 5,858)

Age of the respondent

 15–24

-

1

-

1

 25–35

-

1.02(0.86, 1.21)

-

1.03(0.87–1.22)

 36–49

-

1.11 (0.86, 1.42)

-

1.13(0.87–1.46)

Education

 No formal education

-

1

-

1

 Primary

-

0.86(0.73–1.02)

-

0.87(0.74–1.04)

 Secondary

-

0.85(0.73–0.99)

-

0.89(0.76–1.05)

 Higher

-

1.07(0.76–1.49)

-

1.09(0.78–1.53)

Marital status

 Single

-

1

-

1

 Married

-

1.06(0.89–1.25)

-

1.04(0.87–1.23)

Occupational status

 No working

-

1

-

1

 Farmer

1.12(1.01–1.41)

1.14(0.96–1.35)

 Salaried worker

0.79(0.56–1.10)

0.79(0.57–1.11)

 Sales and trades

0.92(0.79–1.06)

0.94(0.81–1.09)

 Others

-

0.71(0.51–0.98)

-

0.74(0.54–1.04)

Wealth index

 Poorest

-

1

-

1

 Poorer

0.89(0.74–1.06)

0.98(0.81–1.18)

 Middle

0.77(0.63–0.94)

0.93(0.74–1.17)

 Richer

0.72(0.57–0.90)

0.91(0.69–1.20)

 Richest

-

0.60(0.47–0.77)

-

0.79(0.59–1.08)

Current use of contraceptive

 Yes

-

0.65(0.55–78)

-

0.66(0.55–0.79)

 No

-

1

-

1

Iron folate intake during pregnancy

 Yes

-

1.23(0.78–1.94)

-

1.21(0.77–1.91)

 No

-

1

-

1

Total children ever born Conti*

1.03(0.99–1.07)

1.03(0.99–1.08)

Births in the last three years Conti*

1.14(0.97–1.35)

1.15(0.98–1.36)

Currently breastfeeding

-

-

 Yes

0.96(0.78–1.17)

0.96(0.79–1.16)

 No

-

1

-

1

Currently pregnant

 Yes

-

1.45(1.16–1.81)

-

1.44(1.16–1.81)

 No

-

1

-

1

 Ever tested for HIV

-

-

 Yes

-

0.96(0.81–1.09)

-

0.95(0.83–1.08)

 No

1

1

Source of drinking water

 Unimproved

-

1

-

1

 Improved

-

1.12(0.85–1.48)

-

1.10(0.83–1.46)

Type of toilet facility

 Unimproved

-

1

-

1

 Improved

-

0.94(0.81–1.06)

-

0.94(0.81–1.09)

Ever use of ANC

 Yes

-

0.74(0.47–1.18)

-

0.76(0.47–1.21)

 Never

-

1

-

1

Type of residence

-

 Urban

-

-

1

1

 Rural

-

-

1.96(1.65–2.33)

1.17(0.83–1.64)

Region

-

 Banjul

-

-

1

1

 Kanifing

-

-

0.92(0.66–1.28)

0.87(0.62–1.20)

 Brikama

-

-

0.85(0.62–1.18)

0.69(0.50–0.97)

Mansakonko

-

1.58(1.09–2.31)

0.87(0.56–1.35)

 Korean

-

-

1.65(1.15–2.35)

1.04(0.69–1.57)

 Kuntaur

-

-

2.30(1.59–3.33)

1.11(0.69–1.77)

Janjanbureh

1.57(1.09–2.26)

0.81(0.51–1.29)

 Basse

-

-

1.59(1.13–2.26)

0.88(0.58–1.35)

Community media exposure

 Low

-

-

1

1

 High

-

-

0.69(0.58–0.84)

1.01(0.83–1.23)

Community-women education

 Low

-

-

1

1

 High

-

-

0.55(0.46–0.65)

0.91(0.71–1.16)

Community-level poverty

 Low

-

-

1

1

 High

-

-

1.80(1.51–2.15)

0.97(0.70–1.34)

Community ANC utilization rate

 Low

-

-

1

1

 High

-

-

1.53(1.28–1.84)

1.07(0.88–1.30)

Community to Health Facility distance problem

 High

-

-

1.27(1.07–1.52)

1.23(1.02–1.48)

 Low

-

-

1

1

Community-level toilet facility

 Low

-

-

1

1

 High

-

-

1.57(1.31–1.88)

1.02(0.81–1.29)

Random parameters and model comparison

 Community-level variance

0.42(0.060)

0.278(0.049)

0.24(0.043)

0.24(0.449)

  ICC (%)

11.2

7.8

6.7

6.8

  MOR (95% CI)

1.84 (1.70, 202)

1.62(150, 1.80)

1.60(1.46, 1.74)

1.58(1.46, 1.73)

  PCV (%)

Reference

36.60

41.46

43.90

  LR

-3985.76

-3774.81

-3945.98

-3762.66

  DIC (-2LLR)

7,971.52

7,549.62

7,891.96

7,525.32