Table 5 Differential item functioning (DIF) results for country of MDS implementation in Afghanistan; Adamawa, Cameroon; Chile; Costa Rica; India; Tajikistan; Laos; Balochistan, Pakistan; Philippines; Qatar; and Sri Lanka in the period 2014–2019

Q01

Do you have difficulty seeing, even if wearing glasses?

10

1567.62

<  0.0001

Q02

Do you have difficulty hearing, even if using a hearing aid?

10

51.53

<  0.0001

Q03

Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps?

10

146.38

<  0.0001

Q04

Do you have difficulty remembering or concentrating?

10

166.13

<  0.0001

Q05

Do you have difficulty (with self-care such as) washing all over or dressing?

10

312.14

<  0.0001

Q06

How much difficulty do you have sleeping because of your health?

10

92.09

<  0.0001

Q07

How much difficulty do you have doing household tasks because of your health?

10

314.17

<  0.0001

Q08

Because of your health, how much difficulty do you have with joining community activities, such as festivities, religious or other activities?

10

283.86

<  0.0001

Q09

To what extent do you feel sad, low or depressed because of your health? To what extent do you feel worried, nervous or anxious because of your health?

10

407.24

<  0.0001

Q10

Because of your health, how much difficulty do you have getting along with people who are close to you, including your family and friends?

10

409.01

<  0.0001

Q11

How much bodily aches or pains do you have?

10

140.08

<  0.0001