Inequality of opportunity in health service utilization among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China

Zhu, Lin; Peng, Mingyao; Jiang, Luyan; Wang, Zhonghua

doi:10.1186/s13690-022-01010-1

Archives of Public Health

Table 2 Descriptive statistics

From: Inequality of opportunity in health service utilization among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China

Variables	2013			2015			2018
Variables	Mean/Proportions	Obs.	SD	Mean/Proportions	Obs.	SD	Mean/Proportions	Obs.	SD
Health Expenditures
Outpatient care expenditures (yuan)	857.20	13,769	2147.00	1388.00	13,769	4306.00	1579.00	13,769	5373.00
Inpatient care expenditures (yuan)	14,583.00	13,769	20,169.00	16,560.00	13,769	23,527.00	27,144.00	13,769	65,948.00
Self-treatment expenditures (yuan)	208.90	13,769	589.10	308.90	13,769	907.60	290.20	13,769	774.50
Demographics
Age	2.05	13,769	0.92	2.20	13,769	0.96	2.51	13,769	0.93
1 = 45–54 years (%)	32.30	4448		27.16	3740		14.54	2002
2 = 55–64 years (%)	38.57	5311		36.20	4985		36.58	5037
3 = 65–74 years (%)	21.29	2931		25.95	3573		32.75	4509
4 = ≥ 75 years (%)	7.84	1079		10.58	1471		16.13	2221
Gender	0.47	13,769	0.50	0.47	13,769	0.50	0.47	13,769	0.50
0 = female (%)	52.92	7286		52.92	7286		52.92	7286
1 = male (%)	47.08	6483		47.08	6483		47.08	6483
Circumstances
Urban/rural residence	0.81	13,769	0.39	0.80	13,769	0.40	0.81	13,769	0.39
0 = urban (%)	18.69	2573		19.94	2745		18.60	2561
1 = rural (%)	81.31	11,196		80.06	11,024		81.40	11,208
Basic medical insurance	0.94	13,769	0.23	0.90	13,769	0.30	0.95	13,769	0.21
0 = no (%)	5.73	789		10.25	1412		4.70	647
1 = yes (%)	94.27	12,980		89.75	12,357		95.30	13,122
OOP ratio
Outpatient OOP ratio (%)	87.97	1,382	23.61	87.89	1,275	23.70	86.79	1,090	25.13
Inpatient OOP ratio (%)	57.34	427	30.35	60.47	522	30.01	56.72	828	30.40
Self-treatment OOP ratio (%)	96.68	7,265	13.54	96.59	7,074	13.49	95.96	7,941	14.90
Distance (km)	6.84	13,769	50.00	8.82	13,769	62.11	14.50	13,769	117.20
Education	1.35	13,769	0.51	1.35	13,769	0.51	1.38	13,769	0.53
1 = primary education (%)	67.25	9260		66.71	9185		64.05	8819
2 = secondary education (%)	31.04	4272		31.47	4333		33.84	4660
3 = higher education (%)	1.71	235		1.82	251		2.11	290
Work Status	0.85	13,769	0.63	0.97	13,769	0.65	0.73	13,769	0.66
0 = no work or retirement (%)	28.61	3939		22.80	3139		39.49	5438
1 = agricultural work (%)	57.60	7931		57.32	7892		48.46	6673
2 = other work (%)	13.79	1899		19.89	2738		12.04	1658
Income (yuan)	10,608.00	13,769	21,656.00	11,527.00	13,769	36,556.00	15,262.00	13,769	30,155.00
Efforts
Self-reported health status	2.99	13,769	0.95	2.96	13,769	1.01	3.01	13,769	1.01
1 = very good (%)	8.86	1220		11.66	1606		10.81	1489
2 = good (%)	14.11	1943		12.32	1697		11.86	1633
3 = fair (%)	51.86	7141		50.34	6931		48.83	6724
4 = poor (%)	19.75	2720		19.94	2745		22.07	3039
5 = very poor (%)	5.41	745		5.74	790		6.42	884
Chronic disease (number)	1.29	13,769	1.37	1.52	13,769	1.49	0.68	13,769	0.99
Supplemental medical insurance	0.11	13,769	0.31	0.04	13,769	0.20	0.07	13,769	0.26
0 = no (%)	89.20	12,282		95.66	13,171		92.51	12,738
1 = yes (%)	10.80	1487		4.34	598		7.49	1031
Physical examination	0.34	13,769	0.48	0.40	13,769	0.49	0.46	13,769	0.50
0 = no (%)	65.61	9034		59.86	8242		54.03	7439
1 = yes (%)	34.39	4735		40.14	5527		45.97	6330

Notes: Obs Observations, SD Standard deviation, OOP Out-of-pocket

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