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Table 3 OLS regression on different health expenditures among middle-aged and elderly people

From: Inequality of opportunity in health service utilization among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China

Health Expenditures (log)

2013

2015

2018

Outpatient

Inpatient

Self-treatment

Outpatient

Inpatient

Self-treatment

Outpatient

Inpatient

Self-treatment

Demographics

Age (ref. 45–54 years)

         

 55–64 years

0.004

-0.067

0.017

-0.011

-0.001

0.005

0.025

0.068

0.007

 

(0.13)

(-1.06)

(1.29)

(-0.31)

(-0.02)

(0.36)

(0.58)

(1.11)

(0.46)

 65–74 years

-0.059*

-0.133**

0.001

-0.051

-0.049

0.010

-0.045

0.064

-0.010

 

(-1.81)

(-2.13)

(0.05)

(-1.46)

(-0.74)

(0.65)

(-1.03)

(0.96)

(-0.62)

  ≥ 75 years

-0.036

-0.032

-0.018

-0.059*

-0.100

-0.008

-0.047

-0.005

0.011

 

(-1.20)

(-0.57)

(-1.40)

(-1.83)

(-1.60)

(-0.60)

(-1.16)

(-0.08)

(0.69)

Male (ref. female)

-0.012

0.085*

-0.018

0.030

0.016

-0.072***

0.049

0.102***

 − 0.023**

 

(-0.44)

(1.85)

(-1.59)

(1.08)

(0.35)

(-6.08)

(1.64)

(3.01)

(− 2.17)

Circumstances

Rural (ref. urban)

-0.054*

-0.077

-0.069***

-0.091***

-0.021

-0.079***

 − 0.085***

 − 0.146***

 − 0.084***

 

(-1.76)

(-1.31)

(-5.03)

(-3.00)

(-0.44)

(-6.05)

(− 2.72)

(− 4.12)

(− 7.33)

Basic medical insurance

(ref. no)

-0.010

-0.027

-0.002

-0.043

-0.032

-0.023**

0.006

0.006

0.015

 

(-0.41)

(-0.61)

(-0.20)

(-1.60)

(-0.75)

(-2.02)

(0.22)

(0.17)

(1.39)

OOP ratio

 − 0.224***

 − 0.119***

 − 0.095***

 − 0.219***

 − 0.103**

 − 0.082***

 − 0.209***

 − 0.114***

 − 0.125***

 

(− 8.72)

(− 2.61)

(− 8.76)

(− 8.07)

(− 2.24)

(− 7.27)

(− 7.15)

(− 3.40)

(− 11.93)

Distance

0.090***

0.183***

0.106***

0.166***

0.055

0.091***

0.141***

0.115***

0.040***

 

(3.55)

(4.11)

(9.75)

(6.26)

(1.32)

(8.10)

(4.91)

(3.47)

(3.83)

Education (ref. primary education)

         

 Secondary education

0.040

0.055

0.005

0.030

0.068

0.022*

0.021

0.013

 − 0.022**

 

(1.38)

(1.15)

(0.38)

(1.02)

(1.45)

(1.73)

(0.71)

(0.38)

(− 1.98)

 Higher education

-0.006

0.013

0.024**

0.021

0.068

0.047***

 − 0.026

0.008

 − 0.014

 

(-0.21)

(0.27)

(2.07)

(0.74)

(1.56)

(3.96)

(− 0.83)

(0.23)

(− 1.23)

Work status (ref. no work or retirement)

         

 Agricultural work

-0.111***

-0.263***

-0.096***

-0.137***

-0.224***

-0.094***

 − 0.148***

 − 0.178***

 − 0.105***

 

(-3.63)

(-5.39)

(-6.92)

(-3.66)

(-4.13)

(-5.88)

(− 4.41)

(− 4.88)

(− 8.31)

 Other work

-0.024

-0.096**

-0.059***

-0.028

-0.069

-0.057***

 − 0.043

 − 0.038

 − 0.082***

 

(-0.84)

(-1.98)

(-4.52)

(-0.81)

(-1.42)

(-3.93)

(− 1.33)

(− 1.09)

(− 6.84)

Income

0.011

0.061

0.032**

-0.047

0.105**

0.010

0.002

0.039

 − 0.007

 

(0.35)

(0.97)

(2.46)

(-1.57)

(2.27)

(0.85)

(0.05)

(1.04)

(− 0.62)

Efforts

Self-reported health status (ref. very good)

         

 Good

-0.007

-0.125

0.042**

0.001

-0.074

0.006

 − 0.015

0.053

0.018

 

(-0.15)

(-1.62)

(2.43)

(0.03)

(-1.25)

(0.43)

(− 0.33)

(0.92)

(1.19)

 Fair

0.012

-0.167

0.182***

-0.079*

-0.184**

-0.009

 − 0.086

 − 0.003

0.142***

 

(0.13)

(-1.18)

(7.74)

(-1.70)

(-2.45)

(-0.50)

(− 1.07)

(− 0.03)

(6.84)

 Poor

0.148*

-0.145

0.290***

-0.023

-0.051

-0.000

 − 0.026

 − 0.042

0.269***

 

(1.67)

(-1.00)

(13.51)

(-0.57)

(-0.75)

(-0.01)

(− 0.33)

(− 0.40)

(13.71)

 Very poor

0.171***

0.057

0.232***

0.001

-0.065

0.035**

 − 0.002

0.058

0.214***

 

(2.78)

(0.49)

(14.80)

(0.04)

(-1.13)

(2.57)

(− 0.03)

(0.66)

(14.46)

Chronic disease

0.033

-0.068

0.127***

0.044

-0.022

0.196***

0.105***

0.092***

0.122***

 

(1.28)

(-1.51)

(11.07)

(1.62)

(-0.50)

(16.91)

(3.60)

(2.78)

(11.34)

Supplemental medical insurance (ref. no)

0.008

0.062

-0.012

0.054**

0.109**

-0.007

 − 0.048

0.031

0.017

 

(0.30)

(1.41)

(-1.12)

(2.02)

(2.57)

(-0.63)

(− 1.64)

(0.94)

(1.58)

Physical examination (ref. no)

0.085***

0.100**

0.067***

0.045

0.051

0.073***

0.026

 − 0.055

0.035***

 

(3.28)

(2.25)

(5.99)

(1.65)

(1.20)

(6.26)

(0.86)

(− 1.62)

(3.22)

Constant

6.886***

10.089***

4.712***

7.879***

9.940***

5.581***

7.598***

9.796***

5.530***

 

(18.78)

(17.68)

(29.01)

(27.65)

(27.53)

(34.35)

(20.92)

(25.72)

(40.21)

  1. Notes: t statistics are shown in parentheses. Estimates of coefficients are standardized. *** P <0.01, ** P < 0.05, * P <0.1
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