Table 1 Descriptive statistics between the characteristics of the participants and outcomes of physical function (n = 115)
From: Diurnal pattern of breaks in sedentary time and the physical function of older adults
Characteristics | Total N (%) | Outcome of physical function | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Handgrip strength (kg), mean (SD) | Balance ability (sec), mean (SD) | Gait speed (sec), mean (SD) | Basic functional ability (sec), mean (SD) | Lower- limb strength (sec), mean (SD) | ||
Sex |  | *p < 0.01 | p = 0.35 | *p = 0.01 | p = 0.31 | p = 0.79 |
 Men | 31 (27.0) | 33.2 (6.0) | 39.9 (23.1) | 2.8 (0.5) | 6.8 (1.8) | 7.6 (2.1) |
 Women | 84 (73.0) | 21.5 (3.5) | 35.3 (23.1) | 3.1 (0.7) | 7.2 (1.8) | 7.4 (2.7) |
Age group (year) |  | p = 0.20 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | *p = 0.03 |
 60–74 | 94 (81.7) | 25.1 (6.7) | 40.8 (22.2) | 2.9 (0.6) | 6.7 (1.6) | 7.2 (2.6) |
 ≥ 75 | 21 (18.3) | 22.9 (6.7) | 17.5 (16.9) | 3.6 (0.7) | 8.6 (1.9) | 8.5 (2.2) |
BMI |  | p = 0.50 | p = 0.05 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | p = 0.15 |
 Normal | 59 (51.3) | 24.3 (6.1) | 40.6 (21.5) | 2.8 (0.6) | 6.6 (1.4) | 7.1 (2.4) |
 Overweight | 56 (48.7) | 25.1 (7.4) | 32.2 (24.0) | 3.2 (0.7) | 7.5 (2.0) | 7.8 (2.7) |
Marital status |  | *p < 0.01 | *p = 0.01 | *p = 0.04 | p = 0.17 | p = 0.96 |
 Married | 77 (67.0) | 25.9 (7.5) | 40.3 (22.5) | 2.9 (0.6) | 6.9 (1.8) | 7.4 (2.7) |
 Not married | 38 (33.0) | 22.3 (4.2) | 28.9 (22.5) | 3.2 (0.7) | 7.4 (1.7) | 7.5 (2.3) |
Living status |  | p = 0.10 | p = 0.53 | p = 0.43 | p = 0.27 | *p = 0.03 |
 Living alone | 12 (10.4) | 22.8 (3.5) | 32.6 (22.6) | 3.1 (0.8) | 7.6 (2.1) | 9.0 (3.5) |
 Living with others | 103 (89.6) | 24.9 (7.0) | 37.0 (23.2) | 3.0 (0.6) | 7.0 (1.7) | 7.3 (2.4) |
Educational level |  | p = 0.33 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | p = 0.05 | p = 0.59 |
 University degree | 26 (22.6) | 25.8 (8.1) | 49.7 (18.1) | 2.6 (0.5) | 6.2 (1.2) | 7.2 (2.9) |
 Lower than university degree | 89 (77.4) | 24.4 (6.3) | 32.7 (23.0) | 3.1 (0.7) | 7.3 (1.8) | 7.5 (2.5) |
Employment |  | p = 0.10 | p = 0.53 | p = 0.63 | p = 0.26 | p = 0.43 |
 With a full-time job | 4 (3.5) | 19.2 (1.7) | 29.3 (28.9) | 3.2 (0.7) | 8.0 (2.1) | 8.5 (3.7) |
 Without a full-time job | 111 (96.5) | 24.9 (6.8) | 36.8 (23.0) | 3.0 (0.7) | 7.0 (1.8) | 7.4 (2.5) |
General health |  | *p = 0.02 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | *p = 0.01 |
 Good | 36 (31.3) | 27.1 (7.6) | 44.8 (20.8) | 2.7 (0.6) | 6.4 (1.6) | 6.6 (1.9) |
 Bad | 79 (68.7) | 23.6 (6.1) | 32.8 (23.2) | 3.1 (0.6) | 7.4 (1.8) | 7.9 (2.7) |
Frequent depressed |  | *p < 0.01 | *p = 0.01 | p = 0.14 | p = 0.08 | p = 0.27 |
 Yes | 15 (13.0) | 21.2 (4.3) | 22.3 (20.8) | 3.3 (0.7) | 7.8 (2.2) | 8.4 (3.7) |
 No | 100 (87.0) | 25.2 (6.9) | 38.7 (22.7) | 3.0 (0.6) | 6.9 (1.7) | 7.3 (2.3) |
Diabetes |  | p = 0.53 | *p = 0.03 | p = 0.47 | p = 0.18 | p = 0.29 |
 Yes | 19 (16.5) | 23.8 (6.1) | 26.3 (22.6) | 3.1 (0.7) | 7.6 (2.1) | 8.0 (3.5) |
 No | 96 (83.5) | 24.9 (6.9) | 38.5 (22.7) | 3.0 (0.7) | 7.0 (1.7) | 7.3 (2.4) |
Hypertension |  | p = 0.50 | p = 0.28 | p = 0.40 | p = 0.25 | p = 0.33 |
 Yes | 45 (39.1) | 25.2 (6.9) | 33.6 (23.9) | 3.1 (0.7) | 7.3 (1.7) | 7.7 (2.6) |
 No | 70 (60.9) | 24.3 (6.7) | 38.4 (22.5) | 3.0 (0.7) | 6.9 (1.8) | 7.3 (2.5) |
Hyperlipidemia |  | p = 0.99 | p = 0.28 | p = 0.14 | p = 0.06 | p = 0.42 |
 Yes | 33 (28.7) | 24.7 (6.8) | 32.8 (23.7) | 3.1 (0.7) | 7.6 (1.9) | 7.8 (2.5) |
 No | 82 (71.3) | 24.7 (6.8) | 38.0 (22.8) | 2.9 (0.6) | 6.9 (1.7) | 7.3 (2.6) |
Alcohol use |  | p = 0.50 | *p = 0.03 | p = 0.73 | p = 0.62 | p = 0.93 |
 Yes | 9 (7.8) | 26.2 (7.2) | 20.7 (21.1) | 3.1 (0.7) | 7.3 (2.3) | 7.4 (1.8) |
 No | 106 (92.2) | 24.6 (6.7) | 37.9 (22.8) | 3.0 (0.7) | 1.7 (1.7) | 7.5 (2.6) |
Cigarette use |  | *p < 0.01 | p = 0.81 | p = 0.17 | p = 0.29 | p = 0.27 |
 Yes | 7 (6.1) | 31.5 (8.3) | 38.6 (27.0) | 2.7 (0.4) | 6.4 (1.1) | 6.4 (1.5) |
 No | 108 (93.9) | 24.2 (6.4) | 36.4 (22.9) | 3.0 (0.7) | 7.1 (1.8) | 7.5 (2.6) |
Dietary intake |  | *p < 0.01 | p = 0.34 | *p = 0.03 | p = 0.18 | p = 0.79 |
 Balanced | 85 (73.9) | 25.6 (7.1) | 37.8 (23.1) | 2.9 (0.6) | 6.9 (1.7) | 7.4 (2.7) |
 Unbalanced | 30 (26.1) | 22.1 (4.7) | 33.1 (22.9) | 3.2 (0.8) | 7.4 (2.0) | 7.6 (2.3) |
MVPA |  | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 | *p < 0.01 |
 Insufficient | 59 (51.3) | 23.1 (6.5) | 30.3 (24.0) | 3.3 (0.7) | 7.7 (2.0) | 8.1 (3.1) |
 Sufficient | 56 (48.7) | 26.4 (6.7) | 43.1 (20.2) | 2.7 (0.5) | 6.4 (1.2) | 6.8 (1.7) |