Table 5 Sample prevalence of social support and stress as well as associations thereof with choline intake in pregnant women in central South Africa: the NuEMI study 2018–2019
Sample prevalence | Choline intake < 450 mg | Choline intake ≥ 450 mg | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Availability of people who could help the participant if a significant problem arose (N = 681) | 0.584 | ||||||
Nobody | 86 | 12.6 | 76 | 88.4 | 10 | 11.6 | |
Unsure | 35 | 5.1 | 30 | 85.7 | 5 | 14.3 | |
Multiple people | 560 | 82.2 | 471 | 84.1 | 89 | 15.9 | |
Has a husband or partner with whom she can talk to about any problem she might have (N = 665) | 0.293 | ||||||
Never | 44 | 6.6 | 35 | 79.6 | 9 | 20.5 | |
Sometimes | 150 | 22.6 | 132 | 88.0 | 18 | 12.0 | |
Always | 471 | 70.8 | 394 | 83.7 | 77 | 16.4 | |
Belongs to a church or religious organisation (N = 681) | 0.918 | ||||||
Yes | 508 | 74.6 | 430 | 84.7 | 78 | 15.4 | |
No | 173 | 25.4 | 147 | 85.0 | 26 | 15.0 | |
Has been in danger of being killed by criminals during the past six months (N = 681) | 0.850 | ||||||
Yes | 43 | 6.3 | 36 | 83.7 | 7 | 16.3 | |
No | 638 | 93.7 | 541 | 84.8 | 97 | 15.2 | |
During the past six months, participant witnessed a violent crime (e.g., murder, robbery, assault, rape) (N = 679) | 0.335 | ||||||
Yes | 79 | 11.6 | 64 | 81.0 | 15 | 19.0 | |
No | 600 | 88.6 | 511 | 85.2 | 89 | 14.8 | |
Unpayable debt during the previous six months (N = 679) | 0.321 | ||||||
Yes | 245 | 36.0 | 203 | 82.9 | 42 | 17.1 | |
No | 434 | 63.9 | 372 | 85.7 | 62 | 14.3 | |
Participant or close family members had not been able to find a job for more than six months (N = 680) | 0.524 | ||||||
Yes | 482 | 70.9 | 411 | 85.3 | 71 | 14.7 | |
No | 198 | 29.1 | 165 | 83.3 | 33 | 16.7 | |
During the last six months, participant or anyone in her close family was seriously ill (N = 681) | 0.442 | ||||||
Yes | 272 | 39.9 | 234 | 86.0 | 38 | 14.0 | |
No | 409 | 60.1 | 343 | 83.9 | 66 | 16.1 | |
During the last six months, any member of participant’s close family died (N = 681) | 0.407 | ||||||
Yes | 200 | 29.4 | 173 | 86.5 | 27 | 13.5 | |
No | 481 | 70.6 | 404 | 84.0 | 77 | 16.0 | |
Someone in participant’s close family has a problem with drugs or alcohol (N = 679) | 0.315 | ||||||
Yes | 213 | 31.4 | 176 | 82.6 | 37 | 17.4 | |
No | 466 | 68.6 | 399 | 85.6 | 67 | 14.8 | |
During the last six months, participant had a break-up with her partner (N = 676) | 0.893 | ||||||
Yes | 107 | 15.8 | 91 | 85.1 | 16 | 15.0 | |
No | 569 | 84.2 | 481 | 85.5 | 88 | 15.5 | |
During the last six months, participant’s partner hit or beat her (N = 669) | 0.884 | ||||||
Yes | 56 | 8.4 | 47 | 83.9 | 9 | 16.1 | |
No | 613 | 91.6 | 519 | 84.7 | 94 | 15.3 | |