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Table 3 Association between health-related quality of life outcomes and characteristics of survey participants

From: A cross-country comparison of health-related quality of life in the United States, Sweden, and Norway during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

 

Outcome = EQ-5D-5L Utility (0–1 scale)

Outcome = EQ-VAS (0–1 scale)

United States

Sweden

Norway

Pooled

United States

Sweden

Norway

Pooled

Age

0.000492*

0.00275***

0.00404***

0.00198***

-0.000122

0.00209***

0.000995**

0.000760***

Fear on Health During Pandemic (0–10)

-0.0125***

-0.0134***

-0.0152***

-0.0129***

-0.00747***

-0.00727***

-0.0100***

-0.00758***

Fear on Financial Situation During Pandemic (0–10)

-0.00735***

-0.00823***

-0.00396

-0.00723***

-0.00512***

-0.00738***

-0.00502*

-0.00556***

Gender

Female

(Reference)

(Reference)

Male

0.0102

0.0242*

0.00251

0.0155**

0.00705

0.0296**

0.00677

0.0144***

Education

Under College Education

(Reference)

(Reference)

College Education

0.0116

0.0188

0.0217

0.0171**

0.0422***

0.0170

0.0413***

0.0365***

Employment

Unemployed

(Reference)

(Reference)

Employed

0.0308***

0.0712***

0.117***

0.0629***

0.0503***

0.0626***

0.0857***

0.0627***

Wave

Wave 1 (Apr 2020)

(Reference)

(Reference)

Wave 2 (Jan 2021)

0.00133

0.00488

-0.0371**

-0.00701

0.0195***

-0.0134

-0.0198*

0.00228

β0 (Constant)

0.874***

0.682***

0.629***

0.784***

0.749***

0.603***

0.645***

0.713***

Country

United States

N/A

N/A

N/A

(Reference)

N/A

N/A

N/A

(Reference)

Norway

-0.0491***

-0.0664***

Sweden

-0.0575***

-0.0612***

  1. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001