Table 4 The fixed effects factors related to parents’ and children’s characteristics

Country (ref. = Vietnam)

Ethiopia

0.4261

0.1183

1.531

1.214–1.931

0.0003

India

0.8468

0.1069

2.332

1.891–2.876

< 0.0001

Peru

0.9445

0.1181

2.572

2.04–3.241

< 0.0001

Child’s age in year (ref. = age one)

Age five

0.2384

0.0554

1.269

1.139–1.415

< 0.0001

Age eight

-0.503

0.0661

0.605

0.531–0.688

< 0.0001

Age twelve

-0.276

0.0799

0.759

0.649–0.887

0.0006

Age fifteen

-0.591

0.0915

0.554

0.463–0.663

< 0.0001

Mother’s age in year (ref. =≤29 age)

30≤ age ≤36

0.07984

0.0665

1.083

0.951–1.234

0.2301

≥37 age

0.09663

0.1016

1.101

0.903–1.344

0.3413

Father’s age in year (ref. = ≤34 age)

35≤ age ≤41

0.00028

0.0654

1

0.88–1.137

0.9966

> 41 age

0.02459

0.0969

1.025

0.848–1.239

0.7996

Household size in number (ref.=≤5 household size)

>5 household size

0.1478

0.0504

1.159

1.05–1.28

0.0034

Wealth index (ref. = low)

Medium

-0.3833

0.0575

0.682

0.609–0.763

< 0.0001

High

-0.8559

0.0839

0.425

0.36–0.501

< 0.0001

Child’s sex (ref. = Boy)

Girl

-0.4372

0.0729

0.646

0.56–0.745

< 0.0001

Residence area (ref. = Urban)

Rural

0.5994

0.0841

1.821

1.544–2.147

< 0.0001

Father education level (ref. = uneducated)

Adult and religious education

0.1172

0.1465

1.124

0.844–1.498

0.4235

Primary school

-0.0896

0.0781

0.914

0.785–1.065

0.2512

Secondary school

-0.6365

0.1092

0.529

0.427–0.655

< 0.0001

Diploma and above

-0.6942

0.1718

0.499

0.357–0.699

< 0.0001

Mother education level (ref. = uneducated)

Adult and religious education

-0.0921

0.1661

0.912

0.659–1.263

0.5793

Primary school

-0.3241

0.0784

0.723

0.62–0.843

< 0.0001

Secondary school

-1.0428

0.1206

0.352

0.278-0.4

< 0.0001

Diploma and above

-1.75

0.2174

0.174

0.113–0.266

< 0.0001