Table 2 Risk factor hierarchical categorization as defined by GBD study 2019 [14]
From: Burden of disease attributable to risk factors in European countries: a scoping literature review
Level | Risk factor |
|---|---|
Level 1 | Environmental/occupational risks |
Level 2 | Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing |
Level 3 | Unsafe water source |
Level 3 | Unsafe sanitation |
Level 3 | No access; handwashing facility |
Level 2 | Air pollution |
Level 3 | Particulate matter pollution |
Level 4 | Ambient particulate matter pollution |
Level 4 | Household air pollution from solid fuels |
Level 3 | Ambient ozone pollution |
Level 2 | Non-optimal temperature |
Level 3 | High temperature |
Level 3 | Low temperature |
Level 2 | Other environmental risks |
Level 3 | Residential radon |
Level 3 | Lead exposure |
Level 2 | Occupational risks |
Level 3 | Occupational carcinogens |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; asbestos |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; arsenic |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; benzene |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; beryllium |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; cadmium |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; chromium |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; diesel engine exhaust |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; formaldehyde |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; nickel |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; silica |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; sulfuric acid |
Level 4 | Occupational exposure; trichloroethylene |
Level 3 | Occupational asthmagens |
Level 3 | Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes |
Level 3 | Occupational noise |
Level 3 | Occupational injuries |
Level 3 | Occupational ergonomic factors |
Level 1 | Behavioral risks |
Level 2 | Child and maternal malnutrition |
Level 3 | Suboptimal breastfeeding |
Level 4 | Non-exclusive breastfeeding |
Level 4 | Discontinued breastfeeding |
Level 3 | Child growth failure |
Level 4 | Child underweight |
Level 4 | Child wasting |
Level 4 | Child stunting |
Level 3 | Low birth weight and short gestation |
Level 4 | Low birth weight |
Level 4 | Short gestation |
Level 3 | Iron deficiency |
Level 3 | Vitamin A deficiency |
Level 3 | Zinc deficiency |
Level 2 | Tobacco |
Level 3 | Smoking |
Level 3 | Chewing tobacco |
Level 3 | Secondhand smoke |
Level 2 | Alcohol use |
Level 2 | Drug use |
Level 2 | Dietary risks |
Level 3 | Diet low in fruits |
Level 3 | Diet low in vegetables |
Level 3 | Diet low in legumes |
Level 3 | Diet low in whole grains |
Level 3 | Diet low in nuts and seeds |
Level 3 | Diet low in milk |
Level 3 | Diet high in red meat |
Level 3 | Diet high in processed meat |
Level 3 | Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages |
Level 3 | Diet low in fiber |
Level 3 | Diet low in calcium |
Level 3 | Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids |
Level 3 | Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
Level 3 | Diet high in trans fatty acids |
Level 3 | Diet high in sodium |
Level 2 | Intimate partner violence |
Level 2 | Childhood sexual abuse and bullying |
Level 3 | Childhood sexual abuse |
Level 3 | Bullying victimization |
Level 2 | Unsafe sex |
Level 2 | Low physical activity |
Level 1 | Metabolic risks |
Level 2 | High fasting plasma glucose |
Level 2 | High LDL cholesterol |
Level 2 | High systolic blood pressure |
Level 2 | High body-mass index |
Level 2 | Low bone mineral density |
Level 2 | Impaired kidney function |