Variables | Null model (Model I) | Model I (child characteristics) | Model II (Model I + Maternal characteristics) | Model III (Model II + Household characteristics) | Model IV (Model III + community level characteristics) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex of child | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | Â | 0.95 (0.83, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 096 (0.82, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) |
Age of child (months) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 12 |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
12–23 |  | 0.42 (0.33, 0.54) | 0.45 (0.35, 0.59) | 0.45(0.34, 0.58) | 0.45 (0.34, 0.59) ** |
24–35 |  | 0.43 (0.34, 0.53) | 0.42 (0.32, 0.54) | 0.41 (0.32, 0.53) | 0.41 (0.32, 0.52) ** |
36–59 |  | 0.51 (0.41, 0.64) | 0.55 (0.43, 0.70) | 0.54 (0.43, 0.69) | 055 (0.43, 0.70) ** |
Birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 36 months |  | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
>=36 months | Â | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.13) |
Breast feeding | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | Â | 1.05 (0.87, 1.26) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.18) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.18) |
Child size at birth | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Larger | Â | 1.10 (0.91, 1.31) | 1.09 (0.90, 0.33) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.33) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.33) |
Small | Â | 1.03 (0.83, 1.26) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.43) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.33) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.40) |
Ever had vaccine | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | Â | 1.26 (1.02, 1.56) | 1.29 (1.03, 1.63) | 1.28 (1.02, 1.61) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.54) * |
Vaccinated for measles | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | Â | 1.04 (0.84, 129) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | 1.06 (0.84,1.33) |
VA supplementation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | Â | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.88,1.26) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) |
Maternal age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
15–24 |  |  | 1 | 1 | 1 |
25–34 |  |  | 0.76 (0.63, 0.92) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.91) ** |
35–59 |  |  | 0.82 (0.64, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.60, 1.03) |
Maternal stature | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Normal/tall | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Short | Â | Â | 1.2 (1.01, 1.45) | 1.19 (0.99, 1.42) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.34) |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
In union | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Not in union | Â | Â | 0.87 (0.70, 1.07) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) |
Maternal BMI | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweight | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Normal | Â | Â | 1.25 (0.94, 1.68) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) | 1.28 (0.95, 1.71) |
Overweight/obese | Â | Â | 1.49 (1.04, 2.13) | 1.60 (1.11, 2.28) | 1.63 (1.14, 2.34) ** |
Maternal educational status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No education | Â | Â | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Primary | Â | Â | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.47) | 1.09 (0.88, 1.33) |
Secondary & above | Â | Â | 1.22 (0.95, 1.56) | 1.38 (1.05, 1.81) | 1.29 (0.98, 1.70) |
Family size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
≤ 5 |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |
> 5 |  |  |  | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.29) |
Media exposure | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 |
Yes | Â | Â | Â | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) |
Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poorest | Â | Â | Â | 1 | 1 |
Poorer | Â | Â | Â | 0.87 (0.71, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.09) |
Middle | Â | Â | Â | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.66,1.08) |
Richer | Â | Â | Â | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 0.85 (0.65, 1.11) |
Richest | Â | Â | Â | 0.65 (0.45, 0.94) | 0.68 (0.45, 1.02) |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1 |
Rural | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.07 (0.82, 1.40) |
Sub-regions of SSA | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Central Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1 |
East Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.19 (0.96, 1.14) |
Southern Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.61 (0.92, 2.81) |
West Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.77 (0.61, 0.96) * |
Model comparation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ICC (%) | 5.35% | 10.03% | 11.34% | 11.3% | 10.87% |
LL | -19,019 | -5389 | -4722 | -4715 | -4700 |
Deviance | 38,038 | 10,778 | 9445 | 9430 | 9401 |