|  | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | B | S.E. |  | B | S.E. |  | B | S.E. |  |
Gender (ref. men) | ||||||||||
Women | 0.699 | 0.098 | *** | 0.697 | 0.087 | *** | 0.279 | 0.085 | *** | |
Stringency index | 0.056 | 0.024 | * | 0.047 | 0.025 | a | 0.006 | 0.020 | Â | |
Gender * Stringency index | Â | Â | Â | 0.018 | 0.008 | * | 0.012 | 0.008 | Â | |
Individual-level factors | ||||||||||
Socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and academic factors | ||||||||||
 | Age (ref. 17–25) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | >=26 | -0.557 | 0.093 | *** | -0.555 | 0.093 | *** | -0.261 | 0.085 | ** |
 | Migration status (ref. no) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | First generation migrant background | 0.646 | 0.105 | *** | 0.646 | 0.105 | *** | 0.264 | 0.096 | ** |
 | Second generation migrant background | 0.603 | 0.118 | *** | 0.606 | 0.118 | *** | 0.436 | 0.107 | *** |
 | Education parents (ref. High) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | Low educational background | 0.406 | 0.136 | ** | 0.406 | 0.136 | ** | -0.015 | 0.124 |  |
 | Moderate educational background | 0.248 | 0.082 | ** | 0.248 | 0.082 | ** | -0.069 | 0.075 |  |
 | Study program (ref. first-year bachelor) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | Bachelor (not in the first year) | 0.218 | 0.094 | * | 0.217 | 0.094 | * | -0.019 | 0.085 |  |
 | Master program | -0.298 | 0.091 | *** | -0.300 | 0.091 | *** | 0.060 | 0.083 |  |
 | Other programs | -0.505 | 0.236 | * | -0.504 | 0.236 | * | -0.599 | 0.214 | ** |
COVID-19 related factors | ||||||||||
 | Worries to get infected with COVID-19 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.198 | 0.011 | *** |
 | Academic stress |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.463 | 0.009 | *** |
 | Participation in social activities (ref. both online and face to face) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | No social activities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.199 | 0.214 | *** |
 | Only face to face |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.109 | 0.181 |  |
 | Only online |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.759 | 0.075 | *** |
 | Financial situation (ref. no change: not struggling) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
 | No change: struggling with financial resources |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.550 | 0.170 | *** |
 | Change: worse during covid |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.203 | 0.075 | *** |
 | Change: better during covid |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.558 | 0.126 | *** |
Country-level control variables | ||||||||||
 | Timing survey (ref. After COVID-19 peak) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 | Before the COVID-19 peak | 0.335 | 0.62 |  | 0.323 | 0.631 |  | 0.217 | 0.495 |  |
 | During the COVID-19 peak | -0.312 | 0.646 |  | -0.259 | 0.657 |  | -0.457 | 0.517 |  |
 | Real GDP growth rate | -0.335 | 0.208 |  | -0.352 | 0.212 |  | -0.140 | 0.166 |  |
 | Excess mortality rate | -1.842 | 2052 |  | -1.907 | 2083 |  | -0.955 | 1645 |  |
Variance | ||||||||||
 | Country level | 0.863 | 0.322 |  | 0.920 | 0.335 |  | 0.539 | 0.207 |  |
 | Random slope gender | 0.074 | 0.063 |  | 0.028 | 0.048 |  | 0.043 | 0.045 |  |
 | HEI level | 0.582 | 0.138 |  | 0.582 | 0.138 |  | 0.376 | 0.095 |  |
 | Individual-level | 23.982 | 0.24 |  | 23.982 | 0.240 |  | 19.805 | 0.199 |  |
 | -2LL | 120692.2 |  |  | 120688.1 |  |  | 116837.6 |  |  |