Table 2 Multilevel logistic regression analyses results for gender differences in excessive alcohol consumption, controlling for the national level of stringency, for socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and academic factors, for COVID-19 related factors, and for relevant country-level control variables

Gender (ref. men)

Women

0.554

***

0.546

***

0.543

***

Stringency index

1.280

1.292

1.480

Gender * stringency index

0.993

0.993

Individual-level factors

Socio-demographic. socioeconomic. and academic factors

Age (ref. 17–25)

>=26

1.066

1.065

1.133

Migration status (ref. no)

First-generation migrant background

0.870

0.869

0.873

 s-generation migrant background

0.714

***

0.713

***

0.719

***

Education parents (ref. High)

Low educational background

0.823

0.822

0.791

*

Moderate educational background

0.981

0.981

0.948

Study program (ref. first-year bachelor)

Bachelor or Master’s program (not in the first year)

0.909

0.910

0.919

Other programs

0.853

0.851

0.828

COVID-19 related factors

Worries to get infected with COVID-19

0.950

***

Academic stress

1.047

***

Participation in social activities (ref. both online and face to face)

No social activities

1.008

Only face to face

1.176

Only online

0.670

***

Financial situation (ref. no change: not struggling)

No change: struggling with financial resources

1.092

Change: worse during covid

1.483

***

Change: better during covid

1.301

**

Country-level control variables

Timing survey (ref. After COVID-19 peak)

Before the COVID-19 peak

0.926

0.927

0.913

During the COVID-19 peak

1.380

1.374

1.394

Real GDP growth rate

0.989

0.989

0.991

Excess mortality rate

0.976

***

0.980

*

0.979

**

Variance

Country-level

0.058

0.031

0.058

0.031

0.054

0.029

Random slope gender

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

HEI level

0.061

0.027

0.062

0.027

0.052

0.025