Table 1 Baseline characteristics of T2D patients with overweight/obesity

Age, years

63.52 ± 8.47

62.11 ± 9.08

< 0.001/0.002

62.13 ± 9.24

62.10 ± 8.85

61.73 ± 8.98

< 0.001/0.002

56.84 ± 10.34

60.10 ± 6.89

69.62 ± 4.96

< 0.001/0.002

Male, n (%)

443 (15.1)

1447 (79.4)

< 0.001/0.002

449 (64.3)

634 (84.6)

558 (90.0)

< 0.001/0.002

304 (57.3)

809 (86.0)

528 (88.7)

< 0.001/0.002

BMI, kg/m²

26.90 ± 2.32

26.85 ± 2.29

0.472/0.505

26.88 ± 2.37

26.82 ± 2.20

26.89 ± 2.30

0.853/0.853

26.94 ± 2.40

26.82 ± 2.22

26.85 ± 2.29

0.762/0.762

waist circumference, cm

88.55 ± 7.83

91.03 ± 7.48

< 0.001/0.002

90.29 ± 7.65

90.93 ± 7.51

92.02 ± 7.13

< 0.001/0.002

90.46 ± 7.60

90.97 ± 7.51

91.64 ± 7.28

< 0.001/0.002

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

151.75 ± 19.08

150.46 ± 18.75

0.022/0.036

151.48 ± 18.95

149.31 ± 18.23

150.20 ± 18.32

0.008/0.017

148.50 ± 19.09

150.02 ± 18.45

152.38 ± 17.92

< 0.001/0.002

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

81.21 ± 9.57

84.51 ± 10.16

< 0.001/0.002

83.96 ± 10.31

84.44 ± 9.95

85.28 ± 10.11

< 0.001/0.002

84.93 ± 10.77

85.64 ± 9.90

82.42 ± 9.57

< 0.001/0.002

smoker, n (%)

169 (5.8)

827 (45.4)

< 0.001/0.002

242 (34.7)

367 (49.0)

328 (52.9)

< 0.001/0.002

183 (34.5)

494 (52.5)

260 (43.7)

< 0.001/0.002

alcohol drinker, n (%)

210 (7.2)

836 (45.9)

< 0.001/0.002

269 (38.5)

349 (46.6)

338 (54.5)

< 0.001/0.002

178 (33.5)

489 (52.0)

289 (48.6)

< 0.001/0.002

Low education, n (%)

2918 (99.5)

1757 (96.4)

< 0.001/0.002

614 (97.5)

627 (96.0)

516 (95.6)

< 0.001/0.002

455 (96.8)

788 (96.5)

514 (95.9)

< 0.001/0.002

Low-income households, n (%)

2294 (78.2)

1339 (73.5)

< 0.001/0.002

495 (78.6)

477 (73.0)

367 (68.0)

< 0.001/0.002

344 (73.2)

585 (71.6)

410 (76.5)

< 0.001/0.002

Currently employed, n (%)

1133 (38.6)

881 (48.3)

< 0.001/0.002

300 (47.6)

321 (49.2)

260 (48.1)

< 0.001/0.002

273 (58.1)

476 (58.3)

132 (24.6)

< 0.001/0.002

Currently married, n (%)

2910 (99.2)

1800 (98.7)

0.138/0.178

626 (99.4)

640 (98.0)

534 (98.9)

0.029/0.046

464 (98.7)

809 (99.0)

527 (98.3)

0.228/0.263

Regular physical activities, n (%)

1749 (59.6)

1131 (62.0)

0.105/0.148

372 (59.0)

425 (65.1)

334 (61.9)

0.054/0.077

260 (55.3)

508 (62.2)

363 (67.7)

< 0.001/0.002

Red meat consumption ≥ 400 g/week, n (%)

816 (27.8)

677 (37.1)

< 0.001/0.002

227 (36.0)

242 (37.1)

208 (38.5)

< 0.001/0.002

177 (37.7)

296 (36.2)

204 (38.1)

< 0.001/0.002

Fresh fruits consumption ≥ 400 g/week, n (%)

507 (17.3)

368 (20.2)

0.013/0.024

117 (18.6)

130 (19.9)

121 (22.4)

0.027/0.045

104 (22.1)

164 (20.1)

100 (18.7)

0.040/0.048

Fresh vegetables consumption ≥ 400 g/week, n (%)

2769 (94.4)

1683 (92.3)

0.005/0.010

589 (93.5)

602 (92.2)

492 (91.1)

0.012/0.021

429 (91.3)

753 (92.2)

501 (93.5)

0.016/0.021

Hypertension, n (%)

2524 (86.1)

1567 (86.0)

0.959/0.968

607 (87.0)

642 (85.7)

526 (84.8)

0.732/0.757

419 (78.9)

809 (86.0)

547 (91.9)

< 0.001/0.002

Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)

1934 (65.9)

1169 (64.1)

0.213/0.264

447 (64.0)

463 (61.8)

413 (66.6)

0.143/0.172

304 (57.3)

590 (62.7)

429 (72.1)

< 0.001/0.002

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

1430 (48.8)

956 (52.4)

0.015/0.026

382 (54.7)

371 (49.5)

333 (53.7)

0.010/0.020

304 (57.3)

512 (54.4)

270 (45.4)

< 0.001/0.002

Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%)

53 (1.8)

57 (3.1)

0.004/0.009

18 ( 2.9)

13 ( 2.0)

26 ( 4.8)

< 0.001/0.002

11 (2.3)

29 (3.5)

17 (3.2)

0.014/0.019

Oral hypoglycaemic agents, n (%)

2345 (80.0)

1491 (81.8)

0.128/0.173

512 (81.3)

532 (81.5)

447 (82.8)

0.404/0.466

378 (80.4)

676 (82.7)

437 (81.5)

0.322/0.358

Family history of CVD, n (%)

178 (6.1)

127 (7.0)

0.243/0.290

60 (8.6)

44 (5.9)

44 (7.1)

0.080/0.104

37 (7.0)

67 (7.1)

44 (7.4)

0.483/0.518

Family history of T2D, n (%)

776 (26.5)

503 (27.6)

0.410/0.454

165 (26.2)

188 (28.8)

150 (27.8)

0.604/0.671

165 (35.1)

219 (26.8)

119 (22.2)

< 0.001/0.002

T2D duration, years

6.26 ± 5.23

6.59 ± 5.52

0.041/0.064

6.50 ± 5.52

6.63 ± 5.58

6.79 ± 5.39

0.074/0.101

5.91 ± 5.13

6.49 ± 5.29

7.51 ± 6.01

< 0.001/0.002

T2D complications, n (%)

445 (15.2)

275 (15.1)

0.968/0.968

76 (12.1)

103 (15.8)

96 (17.8)

0.051/0.077

57 (12.1)

116 (14.2)

102 (19.0)

0.017/0.021

HbA1c, %

7.49 ± 1.46

7.73 ± 1.53

< 0.001/0.002

7.71 ± 1.58

7.71 ± 1.48

7.90 ± 1.63

< 0.001/0.002

7.71 ± 1.60

7.87 ± 1.57

7.65 ± 1.51

< 0.001/0.002

FPG, mmol/L

8.59 ± 2.45

9.01 ± 2.66

< 0.001/0.002

9.01 ± 2.73

9.00 ± 2.70

9.03 ± 2.51

< 0.001/0.002

9.22 ± 2.71

9.16 ± 2.76

8.61 ± 2.40

< 0.001/0.002

TG, mmol/L

2.13 ± 1.69

2.22 ± 1.96

0.095/0.140

2.27 ± 2.05

2.15 ± 1.98

2.29 ± 1.99

0.114/0.143

2.39 ± 2.09

2.30 ± 2.04

1.98 ± 1.86

< 0.001/0.002

TC, mmol/L

5.32 ± 1.15

5.24 ± 1.06

0.009/0.017

5.30 ± 1.07

5.18 ± 0.98

5.24 ± 1.14

0.011/0.021

5.33 ± 1.06

5.22 ± 1.03

5.18 ± 1.11

0.005/0.007

LDL - C, mmol/L

3.18 ± 0.89

3.16 ± 0.88

0.289/0.320

3.18 ± 0.92

3.14 ± 0.85

3.16 ± 0.88

0.674/0.722

3.19 ± 0.83

3.16 ± 0.90

3.14 ± 0.90

0.625/0.647

HDL - C, mmol/L

1.46 ± 0.35

1.36 ± 0.34

< 0.001/0.002

1.37 ± 0.34

1.37 ± 0.34

1.34 ± 0.33

< 0.001/0.002

1.35 ± 0.33

1.34 ± 0.33

1.41 ± 0.35

< 0.001/0.002