Table 5 Themes, findings, and authors of each study included in the review of factors influencing participation in personalized breast cancer screening, until March 2022

1. Factors related to women

1.1 Beliefs about breast cancer, risk, and personalized early detection of breast cancer

HCPs

1. Social perception of the susceptibility and severity of breast cancer

Women

2. Fatalistic beliefs about breast cancer

3. Beliefs that explain the increased risk for breast cancer

4. Beliefs that explain the decrease in risk for breast cancer

5. Erroneous beliefs about screening personalization

1. Laza et al., 2022 [27]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]

2. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Anderson et al., 2018 [37]

3. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; Anderson et al., 2018 [37]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]

4. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]

5. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; He et al., 2018 [18]; Rainey et al., 2019 [25]

1.2 Knowledge on personalized early detection of breast cancer

Women

6.General lack of knowledge about personalized screening strategies

7. Accurate knowledge about early detection

8. Women's reasons for knowing breast cancer risk

HCPs

9. Negative consequences of lack of knowledge about personalized screening

6. He et al., 2018 [18]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Blouin-Bougie et al. 2021 [31]; Anderson et al., 2018 [37]

7. Anderson et al., 2018 [37]; Sierra el al, 2021 [38]

8. Anderson et al., 2018 [37]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; Rainey et al., 2019 [25];

9. Laza et al. 2022 [27]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]; Fürst et al., 2018 [32]

1.3 Psychological reactions to breast cancer risk estimation

Women

10. Low risk generates a sense of relief and peace of mind

11. A high risk generates a feeling of anxiety and worry

12. Worrying about a high risk is unnecessary

HCPs

13. Low risk generates anxiety and uneasiness

14. A high risk generates tranquility and decreases anxiety

10. McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; Rainey et al., 2019 [25]

11. Rainey et al., 2019 [25]; Blouin-Bougie et al., 2021 [31]; Anderson et al., 2018 [37]

12. Anderson et al., 2018 [37]

13. Woof et al., 2021 [30]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]; Levesque et al., 2019 [33]

14. Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]; Laza et al. 2022 [27]

1.4 Attitudes generated in the estimation of breast cancer risk

Women and HCPs

15. Women who are estimated to be at low risk reject the recommendation to reduce screening intervals and opt for opportunistic screening

16. The estimation of a low risk generates non-attendance of women to screening tests

17. Women who are estimated to be at high risk accept the recommendation for more frequent screening and additional studies

HCPs

18. Personalized screening generates women's proactivity in health care and participation in shared decision-making

Women

19. The implementation of personalized screening generates altruistic attitudes in women

15. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; He et al., 2018 [18]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]; Laza et al. 2022 [27]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]

16. Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]

17. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; He et al., 2018 [18]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29], Woof et al., 2020 [22]; Anderson et al., 2018 [37]; Laza et al. 2022 [27]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]

18. Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]

19. McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]

1.5 Influence of other women's experiences

HCPs

20. Other women's experiences of illness and death from breast cancer, messages from other women, and the number of possible risk-based pathways can cause confusion

20. McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]

1.6 Health insurance coverage

Women

21. Have health insurance coverage for personalized screening tests

21. He et al., 2018 [18]

2. Factors related to personalized breast cancer screening strategies

2.1 Need for a change in the model for early detection of breast cancer

Women and HCPs

22. Current model for early detection of breast cancer considered obsolete

23. Personalization is a logical step in the early detection of breast cancer

24. Implementation of personalization will allow revision of aspects of the current “one-size-fits-all” strategy

22. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]

23. Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; He et al., 2018 [18]

24. McWilliams et al., 2021 [23]; Sierra et al., 2021 [38]; Rainey et al., 2020 [24]

2.2 Advantages of personalized early detection of breast cancer

Women and HCPs

25. Personalized screening is more cost-effective and efficient, and improves the quality of breast cancer detection and prevention services

26. Risk estimation provides valuable information for women's health care and for other women in the family

27. Reduced harms associated with screening for women at low risk

28. Earlier initiation and more frequent and prolonged screening for high-risk women

25. Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]; Blouin-Bougie et al., 2021 [31]

26. Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Woof et al., 2020 [22]; Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; Anderson et al., 2018 [37]

27. He et al., 2018 [18]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]; Sierra et al., 2021 [38]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]

28. Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Blouin-Bougie et al., 2021 [31]; Fürst et al., 2018 [32]; Sierra et al., 2021 [38]; Rainey et al., 2020 [24]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; Anderson et al., 2018 [37]

2.3 Disadvantages of personalized early detection of breast cancer

Women

29. Do not wish to change the current model in order not to lose the regularity of screening

30. Doubts about the scientific evidence supporting personalized screening

29. He et al., 2018 [18]; Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; Rainey et al., 2019 [25]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]

30. Rainey et al., 2019 [25]; He et al., 2018 [18]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]

2.4 Women's need for information on personalized early detection of breast cancer

Women

31. Inform women about the positive and negative aspects of personalized screening

Women and HCPs

32. Development of educational actions for women by HCPs

33. Development of educational campaigns aimed at broad audiences through the mass media

HCPs

34. Difficulties of HCPs in informing women with different barriers

35. Tools to improve understanding of women with different barriers

31. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; Rainey et al., 2020 [24]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]

32. Blouin-Bougie et al. 2021 [31]; Rainey et al., 2019 [25]; He et al., 2018 [18]; Esquivel-Sada et al., 2019 [36]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]

33. Esquivel-Sada et al., 2019 [36]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]

34. Esquivel-Sada et al., 2019 [36]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]; Blouin-Bougie et al. 2021 [31]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]

35. McWilliams et al., 2021 [23]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]

2.5 Potential for inequity in access to personalized early detection of breast cancer

Women and HCPs

36. The implementation of a personalized screening program could generate inequity in the access of women, especially those with various barriers

36. Woof et al., 2021 [30]; Blouin-Bougie et al. 2021 [31]; Blouin-Bougie et al. 2021 [31]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]; Levesque et al., 2019 [33]; Rainey et al., 2020 [24]

2.6

Potential genetic discrimination of personalized early detection of breast cancer

Women and HCPs

37. The implementation of a personalized screening program could lead to genetic discrimination of women at high risk

37. Sierra el al, 2021 [38]; Lippey et al., 2019 [29]; Levesque et al., 2019 [33]; Dalpé et al., 2017 [35]

3 Factors related to HCPs

3.1 Lack of knowledge of HCPs

Women and HCPs

38. HCPs do not have sufficient knowledge and training on personalized screening and genetic issues

39. HCPs do not have adequate communication skills

HCPs

40. The need for collaboration between family physicians and geneticists

41. Experiences of health care HCPs in risk communication of other early detection programs

38. Rainey et al., 2020 [24]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]

39. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; Levesque et al., 2019 [33]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Blouin-Bougie et al. 2021 [31]; Puzhko et al., 2019 [34]; Fürst et al., 2018 [32]

40. Blouin-Bougie et al. 2021 [31]

41. Levesque et al., 2019 [33]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]

3.2 Need to support women in decision making

Women and HCPs

42. The need for support from HCPs for women in decision making

43. Women's closeness and trusting relationship with primary care professionals

42. Kelley-Jones, 2021 [28]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]; Rainey et al., 2019 [25]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]; McWilliams et al., 2020 [26]; Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Levesque et al., 2019 [33]

43. Laza et al., 2022 [27]; Woof et al., 2021 [30]; McWilliams, et al. 2021 [23]