Table 3 Comparison of demographic and clinical features of apparently healthy and undiagnosed metabolic syndrome individuals living in Karachi, Pakistan in the year 2022

N

343

722

239

826

362

703

Age (years), mean ± SD

44.54 ± 11.60

41.76 ± 12.35

< 0.001

45.01 ± 11.01

41.98 ± 12.42

0.001

45.01 ± 11.01

41.98 ± 12.43

0.001

Male, n (%)

199 (29.8)

468 (70.2)

0.032

128 (19.2)

539 (80.8)

0.001

215 (32.2)

452 (67.8)

0.117

Body Mass Index, kg/m2

28.64 ± 4.16

25.90 ± 4.54

< 0.001

29.28 ± 4.47

26.05 ± 4.39

< 0.001

29.28 ± 4.47

26.05 ± 4.39

< 0.001

Muslim, n (%)

336 (32.5)

698 (67.5)

0.454

238 (23.0)

796 (77.0)

0.031

355 (34.3)

679 (65.7)

0.355

Family Structure

 Alone, n (%)

26 (24.1)

82 (75.9)

0.087

15 (13.9)

93 (86.1)

0.067

27 (25.0)

81 (75.0)

0.075

 Nuclear, n (%)

171 (34.8)

321 (65.2)

119 (24.2)

373 (75.8)

179 (36.4)

313 (63.6)

 Joint, n (%)

146 (31.4)

319 (68.6)

105 (22.6)

360 (77.4)

156 (33.5)

309 (66.5)

Concrete house (Pukka), n (%)

300 (32.9)

611 (67.1)

0.219

204 (22.4)

707 (77.6)

0.927

316 (34.7)

595 (65.3)

0.243

Education

 Graduate or above, n (%)

151 (32.6)

312 (67.4)

0.891

100 (21.6)

363 (78.4)

0.195

159 (34.3)

304 (65.7)

0.987

 Matriculation or intermediate, n (%)

110 (32.1)

233 (67.9)

72 (21.0)

271 (79.0)

114 (33.2)

229 (66.8)

 Primary or secondary, n (%)

39 (29.5)

93 (70.5)

29 (22.0)

103 (78.0)

45 (34.1)

87 (65.9)

 No Schooling, n (%)

43 (33.9)

84 (66.1)

38 (29.9)

89 (70.1)

44 (34.6)

83 (65.4)

Currently working, n (%)

219 (29.2)

532 (70.8)

0.001

147 (19.6)

604 (80.4)

0.001

233 (31.0)

518 (69.0)

0.002

Married, n (%)

295 (33.7)

580 (66.3)

0.024

205 (23.4)

670 (76.6)

0.048

309 (35.3)

566 (64.7)

0.097

Smoker

 Current Smoker, n (%)

77 (47.5)

85 (52.5)

< 0.001

62 (38.3)

100 (61.7)

< 0.001

79 (48.8)

83 (51.2)

< 0.001

 Ex-Smoker, n (%)

25 (40.3)

37 (59.7)

14 (22.6)

48 (77.4)

26 (41.9)

36 (58.1)

 Non-Smoker, n (%)

241 (28.7)

600 (71.3)

163 (19.4)

678 (80.6)

257 (30.6)

584 (69.4)

Waterpipe Smoker, n (%)

5 (23.8)

16 (76.2)

0.406

6 (28.6)

15 (71.4)

0.496

7 (33.3)

14 (66.7)

0.949

Area Nut Use, n (%)

66 (39.8)

100 (60.2)

0.023

44 (26.5)

122 (73.5)

0.172

68 (41.0)

98 (59.0)

0.039

Chew Tobacco, n (%)

44 (36.4)

77 (63.6)

0.299

24 (19.8)

97 (80.2)

0.465

46 (38.0)

75 (62.0)

0.321

Breakfast Skipping

 Usually/Often, n (%)

96 (32.4)

200 (67.6)

0.214

69 (23.3)

227 (76.7)

0.539

102 (34.5)

194 (65.5)

0.218

 Sometimes, n (%)

30 (25.2)

89 (74.8)

22 (18.5)

97 (81.5)

32 (26.9)

87 (73.1)

 Rarely/Never, n (%)

217 (33.4)

433 (66.6)

148 (22.8)

502 (77.2)

228 (35.1)

422 (64.9)

Physical Activity

 Low, n (%)

261 (34.1)

505 (65.9)

0.037

191 (24.9)

575 (75.1)

0.002

278 (36.3)

488 (63.7)

0.011

 Moderate/Vigorous, n (%)

82 (27.4)

217 (72.6)

48 (16.1)

251 (83.9)

84 (28.1)

215 (71.9)

Family History of Diabetes, n (%)

172 (31.9)

368 (68.1)

0.802

116 (21.5)

424 (78.5)

0.446

183 (33.9)

357 (66.1)

0.943

Family history of Hypertension, n (%)

219 (34.5)

415 (65.5)

0.048

153 (24.1)

481 (75.9)

0.109

231 (36.4)

403 (63.6)

0.041

Anxiety, n (%)

139 (34.6)

263 (65.4)

0.197

94 (23.4)

308 (76.6)

0.566

146 (36.3)

256 (63.7)

0.212

Suicidal Ideation, n (%)

31 (34.4)

59 (65.6)

0.635

23 (25.6)

67 (74.4)

0.459

31 (34.4)

59 (65.6)

0.924