Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of variables associated with undiagnosed metabolic syndrome among individuals living in Karachi, Pakistan in the year 2022

MetS using IDF

Variables

Univariable Analysis

Multivariable Analysis^α

ORunadj (95% CI)

p-value

ORadj (95% CI)

p-value

Age (years), mean ± SD

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

0.001

1.01 (0.99–1.01)

0.068

Female vs. Male, n (%)

1.33 (1.03–1.74)

0.032

1.32 (0.92–1.87)

0.131

Body Mass Index, kg/m2

1.14 (1.11–1.17)

< 0.001

1.13 (1.09–1.17)

< 0.001

Area Nut Use, n (%)

1.48 (1.05–2.09)

0.024

1.71 (1.19–2.47)

0.004

Currently working, n (%)

0.63 (0.48–0.83)

0.001

0.80 (0.56–1.15)

0.223

Married, n (%)

1.51 (1.05–2.15)

0.024

1.17 (0.79–1.73)

0.431

Current vs. Ex/Non-Smoker

2.17 (1.54–3.05)

< 0.001

2.54 (1.73–3.73)

< 0.001

Low vs. Moderate/Vigorous Physical Activity, n (%)

1.37 (1.02–1.84)

0.037

1.25 (0.91–1.71)

0.165

Family history of Hypertension, n (%)

1.31 (1.01–1.70)

0.048

1.07 (0.80–1.43)

0.636

MetS using NCEP-ATP III

Variables

Univariable Analysis

Multivariable Analysis^β

ORunadj (95% CI)

p-value

ORadj (95% CI)

p-value

Age (years), mean ± SD

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

0.001

1.01 (1.00-1.03)

0.052

Female vs. Male, n (%)

1.63 (1.22–2.18)

0.001

1.85 (1.24–2.78)

0.003

Body Mass Index, kg/m2

1.17 (1.13–1.20)

< 0.001

1.15 (1.11–1.19)

< 0.001

Currently working, n (%)

0.58 (0.43–0.79)

0.001

0.84 (0.57–1.25)

0.389

Current vs. Ex/Non-Smoker

2.54 (1.78–3.63)

< 0.001

3.77 (2.47–5.75)

< 0.001

Low vs. Moderate/Vigorous Physical Activity, n (%)

1.74 (1.22–2.46)

0.002

1.56 (1.08–2.26)

0.018

MetS using Modified NCEP-ATP III

Variables

Univariable Analysis

Multivariable Analysis^¥

ORunadj (95% CI)

p-value

ORadj (95% CI)

p-value

Age (years), mean ± SD

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

0.001

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

0.139

Body Mass Index, kg/m2

1.16 (1.13–1.20)

< 0.001

1.12 (1.08–1.15)

< 0.001

Area Nut Use, n (%)

1.43 (1.02–2.01)

0.040

1.58 (1.10–2.72)

0.012

Currently working, n (%)

0.58 (0.43–0.79)

0.001

0.70 (0.52–0.95)

0.023

Current vs. Ex/Non-Smoker

2.08 (1.48–2.93)

< 0.001

2.24 (1.55–3.21)

< 0.001

Low vs. Moderate/Vigorous Physical Activity, n (%)

1.74 (1.23–2.46)

0.002

1.36 (1.01–1.84)

0.048

Family history of Hypertension, n (%)

1.31 (1.01–1.72)

0.041

1.12 (0.85–1.48)

0.412