Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis examining the cross-sectional association of covariates with increased self-reported level of depression during the third wave of COVID-19 (April 2021) versus before COVID-19 (March 2020) (n = 3212) among adult Canadians

Age (Ref: 60 to < 101)

18 to < 30

1.79 (1.34–2.38)

1.54 (1.13–2.11)

30 to < 40

1.57 (1.19–2.07)

1.60 (1.18–2.17)

40 to < 50

1.30 (0.99–1.70)

1.47 (1.08–2.01)

50 to < 60

0.93 (0.72–1.20)

1.03 (0.7–1.39)

Gender (Ref: Male)

Female

1.42 (1.19–1.69)

1.40 (1.15–1.71)

Household Income (Ref: 150,000 or more)

Less than 30,000

-

-

30,000 to < 50,000

-

-

50,000 to < 80,000

-

-

80,000 to < 100,000

-

-

100,000 to < 150,000

-

-

Education (Ref: University graduate/professional degree)

Elementary/High school

-

-

College

Technical/Trade school

-

-

University undergraduate

-

-

Province (Ref: New Brunswick)

Alberta

1.57 (1.14–2.17)

1.32 (0.78–1.4)

British Columbia

2.01 (1.45–2.78)

1.13 (0.77–1.66)

Manitoba/Saskatchewan

1.63 (1.14–2.34)

1.23 (0.82–1.86)

Newfoundland and Labrador

1.62 (1.14–2.30)

1.15 (0.74–1.79)

Ontario

2.15 (1.62–2.85)

1.59 (1.15–2.21)

Quebec

1.18 (0.86–1.61)

0.89 (0.62–1.29)

Rest of Atlantic

1.16 (0.76–1.79)

1.04 (0.60–1.79)

Clinical diagnosis of depression (Ref: No)

Yes

2.06 (1.60–2.66)

-

Clinical diagnosis of anxiety (Ref: No)

Yes

-

-

Self-perceived COVID-19 related factors that negatively impacted mental health

Psycho-social

Social isolation (Ref: Others)

Negative

2.34 (1.93–2.85)

2.03 (1.59–2.59)

Health related

The possibility of catching COVID (Ref: Others)

Negative

1.31 (1.10–1.57)

-

Possibility of a family member catching COVID (Ref: Others)

Negative

-

-

Financially related

Concern on paying bills (Ref: Others)

Negative

1.44 (1.19–1.74)

1.66 (1.35–2.04)

Economic downturn (Ref: Others)

Negative

-

-