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Table 2 OR (95% CI) in frailty associated with log-urinary heavy metals levels according to multivariate logistic regression

From: The association of urinary heavy metal exposure with frailty susceptibility and mortality in middle-aged and older adults: a population-based study

Urine Metals (log-µg/g creatinine)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Cadmium

      

 Continuous

2.13 (1.79, 2.55)

< 0.01

1.55 (1.29, 1.87)

< 0.01

1.90 (1.51, 2.40)

< 0.01

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

1.28 (1.07, 1.52)

0.01

1.15 (0.96, 1.39)

0.13

1.23 (1.01, 1.51)

0.04

 Q3

1.40 (1.18, 1.67)

< 0.01

1.16 (0.97, 1.39)

0.11

1.25 (1.01, 1.54)

0.04

 Q4

1.97 (1.66, 2.34)

< 0.01

1.47 (1.23, 1.76)

< 0.01

1.71 (1.37, 2.14)

< 0.01

 P for trend

2.54 (2.02, 3.19)

< 0.01

1.69 (1.33, 2.16)

< 0.01

2.06 (1.53, 2.78)

< 0.01

Cobalt

      

 Continuous

1.49 (1.29, 1.71)

< 0.01

1.39 (1.20, 1.61)

< 0.01

1.64 (1.40, 1.93)

< 0.01

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

0.89 (0.75, 1.05)

0.17

0.84 (0.70, 1.00)

0.05

0.99 (0.81, 1.20)

0.91

 Q3

1.04 (0.87, 1.23)

0.69

0.94 (0.79, 1.13)

0.52

1.22 (1.00, 1.49)

0.05

 Q4

1.42 (1.21, 1.68)

< 0.01

1.25 (1.05, 1.49)

0.01

1.77 (1.45, 2.15)

< 0.01

 P for trend

2.12 (1.60, 2.81)

< 0.01

1.73 (1.28, 2.34)

< 0.01

3.02 (2.16, 4.22)

< 0.01

Cesium

      

 Continuous

0.73 (0.66, 0.81)

< 0.01

0.73 (0.65, 0.81)

< 0.01

0.93 (0.82, 1.04)

0.20

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

0.81 (0.69, 0.95)

0.01

0.84 (0.70, 0.99)

0.04

1.03 (0.86, 1.25)

0.72

 Q3

0.68 (0.58, 0.80)

< 0.01

0.69 (0.58, 0.82)

< 0.01

0.89 (0.74, 1.08)

0.25

 Q4

0.63 (0.53, 0.74)

< 0.01

0.62 (0.51, 0.74)

< 0.01

0.89 (0.73, 1.10)

0.28

 P for trend

0.69 (0.61, 0.78)

< 0.01

0.68 (0.60, 0.78)

< 0.01

0.90 (0.77, 1.04)

0.16

Molybdenum

      

 Continuous

1.01 (0.95, 1.08)

0.71

0.97 (0.90, 1.03)

0.29

1.04 (0.97, 1.12)

0.31

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

1.00 (0.84, 1.18)

0.97

0.91 (0.77, 1.09)

0.32

0.97 (0.80, 1.17)

0.72

 Q3

1.05 (0.88, 1.24)

0.60

0.94 (0.79, 1.13)

0.52

1.03 (0.85, 1.24)

0.79

 Q4

1.14 (0.96, 1.34)

0.14

0.99 (0.83, 1.18)

0.89

1.18 (0.97, 1.43)

0.10

 P for trend

1.07 (0.99, 1.16)

0.11

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

0.99

1.09 (0.99, 1.19)

0.08

Antimony

      

 Continuous

1.22 (0.71, 2.09)

0.48

0.89 (0.50, 1.59)

0.70

1.13 (0.60, 2.12)

0.70

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

1.11 (0.94, 1.32)

0.23

1.03 (0.86, 1.23)

0.74

1.06 (0.88, 1.29)

0.53

 Q3

1.27 (1.07, 1.50)

0.01

1.17 (0.98, 1.40)

0.08

1.26 (1.04, 1.53)

0.02

 Q4

1.39 (1.18, 1.65)

< 0.01

1.22 (1.03, 1.46)

0.03

1.39 (1.15, 1.69)

< 0.01

 P for trend

9.79 (3.14, 30.56)

< 0.01

4.38 (1.33, 14.46)

0.02

10.95 (2.96, 40.44)

< 0.01

Thallium

      

 Continuous

0.20 (0.12, 0.33)

< 0.01

0.24 (0.14, 0.40)

< 0.01

0.58 (0.34, 1.01)

0.06

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

0.61 (0.51, 0.71)

< 0.01

0.61 (0.52, 0.73)

< 0.01

0.70 (0.59, 0.85)

< 0.01

 Q3

0.54 (0.46, 0.64)

< 0.01

0.56 (0.47, 0.67)

< 0.01

0.69 (0.57, 0.83)

< 0.01

 Q4

0.50 (0.42, 0.59)

< 0.01

0.53 (0.44, 0.63)

< 0.01

0.72 (0.59, 0.88)

< 0.01

 P for trend

0.08 (0.04, 0.15)

< 0.01

0.10 (0.05, 0.20)

< 0.01

0.33 (0.15, 0.73)

0.01

Tungsten

      

 Continuous

1.75 (1.23, 2.49)

< 0.01

1.74 (1.20, 2.52)

< 0.01

1.96 (1.32, 2.92)

< 0.01

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

1.17 (0.98, 1.40)

0.08

1.16 (0.97, 1.39)

0.11

1.14 (0.94, 1.39)

0.19

 Q3

1.55 (1.31, 1.85)

< 0.01

1.49 (1.25, 1.78)

< 0.01

1.44 (1.19, 1.75)

< 0.01

 Q4

1.60 (1.35, 1.90)

< 0.01

1.57 (1.31, 1.87)

< 0.01

1.57 (1.29, 1.90)

< 0.01

 P for trend

9.00 (4.12, 19.65)

< 0.01

8.10 (3.59, 18.29)

< 0.01

8.45 (3.46, 20.65)

< 0.01

Uranium

      

 Continuous

11.27 (2.39, 53.27)

< 0.01

9.09 (2.03, 40.63)

0.00

7.84 (1.63, 37.59)

0.01

 Q1

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

1.26 (1.06, 1.51)

0.01

1.20 (1.00, 1.43)

0.05

1.12 (0.92, 1.36)

0.26

 Q3

1.41 (1.18, 1.67)

< 0.01

1.20 (1.01, 1.44)

0.04

1.13 (0.93, 1.38)

0.22

 Q4

1.57 (1.32, 1.86)

< 0.01

1.34 (1.12, 1.60)

< 0.01

1.34 (1.10, 1.63)

< 0.01

 P for trend

3273357.52 (6473.41, inf.)

< 0.01

8803.56 (12.25, 6326095.72)

0.01

43188.09 (32.09, inf.)

< 0.01

  1. Model 1: crude model;
  2. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race, family income-poverty ratio, and education;
  3. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, race, family income-poverty ratio, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, serum cotinine concentration, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, physical activity and eGFR.
  4. Abbreviation: Q: quartile
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